# US 11,906,557 B2 · Processing sinewave signals of variable frequency in a device with fixed processing rates > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 11,906,557 B2 - Document ID: US11906557B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 17/645,654 - Filed: 2021-12-22 - Published: 2023-06-22 - Granted: 2024-02-20 - Earliest claimed: 2021-12-22 - Assignees: Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. - Applicants: Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. - Inventors: Veselin Skendzic; Daniel P. Dwyer; Chandrasekaran Swaminathan - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11906557B2 ## CPC - G01R 19/2513: {Arrangements for monitoring electric power systems, e.g. power lines or loads; Logging} - G01R 23/02: Arrangements for measuring frequency, e.g. pulse repetition rate; Arrangements for measuring period of current or voltage - G01R 19/0015: {separating AC and DC} - G01R 25/00: Arrangements for measuring phase angle between a voltage and a current or between voltages or currents - G06F 1/03: working, at least partly, by table look-up (G06F1/025 takes precedence) - G01R: MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES (indicating correct tuning of resonant circuits H03J3/12) - G06F: ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING (computer systems based on specific computational models G06N) ## Abstract A method includes obtaining electrical measurements of an input signal of a power system. The electrical measurements are obtained at a sampling frequency and the input signal is indicative of an operating frequency of the power system. The method includes generating an intermediate signal from the input signal. The intermediate signal has a direct current (DC) component indicative of a magnitude and a phase of the input signal. The method includes filtering the intermediate signal using an adjustable length filter to obtain the magnitude and the phase of the input signal. The length of the adjustable length filter varies based at least in part on a period measurement of the power system. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An intelligent electronic device (IED) comprising: processing circuitry; and a memory comprising instructions, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processing circuitry, are configured to cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising: obtaining electrical measurements of an input signal of a power system, wherein the electrical measurements are obtained at a sampling frequency and the input signal is indicative of an operating frequency of the power system; generating an intermediate signal from the input signal, wherein the intermediate signal has a direct current (DC) component indicative of a magnitude and a phase of the input signal; storing the intermediate signal comprising in-phase and quadrature components in a first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffer; and filtering the intermediate signal using an adjustable length rounded-corner boxcar filter comprising a plurality of taps to generate the magnitude and the phase of the input signal, wherein a length of the adjustable length rounded-corner boxcar filter varies based at least in part on a period measurement of the power system, and wherein end taps of the plurality of taps are interpolated to a lesser value than all other taps of the plurality of taps. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The IED of claim 1, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processing circuitry, are configured to cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising varying the length of the adjustable length rounded-corner boxcar filter to match one cycle of the input signal based on the operating frequency. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The IED of claim 1, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processing circuitry, are configured to cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising interpolating the length of the adjustable length rounded-corner boxcar filter to be a non-integer number of samples within the period. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The IED of claim 1, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processing circuitry, are configured to cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising: determine phase angles of the power system from the operating frequency and the sampling frequency; and determine, via a lookup table of sinusoidal values, a set of cosine values and a set of sine values based on the phase angle. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The IED of claim 4, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processing circuitry, are configured to cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising: generating a cosine signal and a sine signal from the cosine values and the sine values; and multiplying the cosine signal and the sine signal with the input signal to obtain the intermediate signal such that: X m ( cos ⁢ ( ϕ ) + j ⁢ sin ⁢ ( ϕ ) 2 + cos ⁢ ( 4 ⁢ π ⁢ ft + ϕ ) - j ⁢ sin ⁢ ( 4 ⁢ π ⁢ ft + ϕ ) 2 ) where Xm is an amplitude of the input signal, f is a frequency of the input signal, t is a current time, and ϕ is the phase, wherein the adjustable length rounded-corner boxcar filter reduces or removes an alternating current (AC) component. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The IED of claim 1, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processing circuitry, are configured to cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising filtering a double frequency component of the intermediate signal to leave the DC component, thereby allowing characterization of the magnitude and the phase. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The IED of claim 1, wherein the sampling frequency is a constant rate independent of the operating frequency of the power system that varies over time. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The IED of claim 1, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processing circuitry, are configured to cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising decimating the input signal to a lower rate than an initial input signal. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The IED of claim 1, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processing circuitry, are configured to cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising filtering the intermediate signal according to a protection interval. ### Claim 10 A method comprising: obtaining, via an intelligent electronic device (IED), electrical measurements of an input signal of a power system, wherein the electrical measurements are obtained at a sampling frequency and the input signal is indicative of an operating frequency of the power system; generating an intermediate signal by multiplying the input signal with quadrature signals, wherein the intermediate signal has a direct current (DC) component indicative of a magnitude and a phase of the input signal; storing the intermediate signal comprising in phase and quadrature components in a first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffer; and filtering, via the IED, the intermediate signal using an adjustable length rounded-corner boxcar filter comprising a plurality of taps to generate the magnitude and the phase of the input signal, wherein a length of the adjustable length rounded-corner boxcar filter varies based at least in part on a period measurement of the power system, and wherein end taps of the plurality of taps are interpolated to a lesser value than all other taps of the plurality of taps. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10, wherein the quadrature signals are at a frequency corresponding to the operating frequency of the power system. ### Claim 12 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10, wherein the operating frequency is determined by zero crossings of the input signal, rate of change of phase of the input signal, or a combination thereof. ### Claim 13 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10, comprising dynamically adjusting taps of the adjustable length rounded-corner boxcar filter based on the period measurement to cause the adjustable length rounded-corner boxcar filter to limit the length of a filtered signal to correspond to a cycle of the power system. ### Claim 14 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10, comprising synchronizing times in which the electrical measurements are obtained with times in which electrical measurements are obtained by at least one other IED, independent of the operating frequency of the power system. ### Claim 15 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10, comprising interpolating the length of the adjustable length rounded-corner boxcar filter to match a non-integer number of samples within the period. ### Claim 16 A tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium comprising instructions, wherein the instructions, when executed by processing circuitry, are configured to cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising: obtaining electrical measurements of an input signal of a power system, wherein the electrical measurements are obtained at a sampling frequency and the input signal is indicative of an operating frequency of the power system; generating an intermediate signal from the input signal by multiplying quadrature signals with the input signal, wherein the intermediate signal has a direct current (DC) component indicative of a magnitude and a phase of the input signal; storing the intermediate signal comprising in phase and quadrature components in a first-in-first-out (FIFO) buffer; and filtering the intermediate signal using an adjustable length rounded-corner boxcar filter comprising a plurality of taps to obtain the magnitude and the phase of the input signal, wherein a length of the adjustable length rounded-corner boxcar filter varies based at least in part on a period measurement of the power system, and wherein end taps of the plurality of taps are interpolated to a lesser value than all other taps of the plurality of taps. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processing circuitry, are configured to generate a root means square (RMS) signal based on the magnitude and the phase. ### Claim 18 (depends on 16) The tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processing circuitry, are configured to cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising performing a protection operation on the power system based at least in part on the magnitude and the phase. ### Claim 19 (depends on 16) The tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processing circuitry, are configured to cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising: determining that a fault is present in the power system based at least in part on the magnitude and the phase of the input signal; and sending a signal to a circuit breaker of the power system to electrically disconnect at least a portion from the remaining power system. ### Claim 20 (depends on 16) The tangible, non-transitory, computer-readable medium of claim 16, wherein the instructions, when executed by the processing circuitry, are configured to cause the processing circuitry to perform operations comprising dynamically adjusting taps of the adjustable length rounded-corner boxcar filter based on the period measurement to cause the adjustable length rounded-corner boxcar filter to limit the length of a filtered signal to match one or more powers system cycles.