Phosphaviologen derivatives, methods of making the same, and uses thereof

A compound having the structure of Formula I:

• a salt, hydrate, solvate, tautomer, optical isomer, or combination thereof;
• wherein:
• A, D, E, G, J, L, M, Q, T, U, V, W, X2, Y, Z, and A1 are each independently selected from C or N;
• R1 to R16 are each independently selected from H, a halo group, a hydroxyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterogeneous group, a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic, and when any one of R1 to R16 is bonded to N, R1 to R16 is optionally, a pair of electrons;
• and
• X1 and Y1 are each independently selected from a pair of electrons, O, S, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterogeneous group, a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic, or BR1R2R3, wherein R1 to R3 are each independently selected from H, a halo group, a hydroxyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterogeneous group, a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic.