Passivation of perovskite solar cell using graphene quantum dots

A perovskite solar cell (PSC) comprising, in order:

• a first layer comprising a conducting material coated glass plate as a substrate;
• a second layer comprising copper doped nickel oxide;
• a third layer comprising a methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite;
• a fourth layer consisting of N-doped graphene quantum dots;
• a fifth layer comprising a fullerene derivative;
• and
• a top layer comprising a conductive layer,
• wherein the third layer and the fourth layer are separate layers,
• wherein the N-doped graphene quantum dots are present on a surface of the third layer,
• wherein the N-doped graphene quantum dots consist of N, C, O, and H,
• wherein the perovskite is in the form of crystalline flakes with a mean diameter of 0.1 to 1 μm, and
• wherein the third layer is a continuous layer of the crystalline flakes.