Controlling electric fields in vapor cells having a body defined by a stack of layers

A vapor cell, comprising:

• a body defined by a stack of layers that comprises electrically conductive layers and electrically insulating layers, the stack of layers bonded to each other and having:
• first and second end layers at respective opposite ends of the body, one or both of the first and second end layers being optically transparent, and
• intermediate layers between the first and second end layers that define an internal cavity of the body, the internal cavity extending through the body between the first and second end layers, and
• one or more internal surfaces that bound the internal cavity, at least a portion of the one or more internal surfaces covered by a coating that is chemically inert to a vapor of the vapor cell.
• wherein adjacent electrically conductive layers are separated by at least one electrically insulating layer, and
• wherein each electrically conductive layer defines an electrode of the vapor cell and comprises a contact surface on an exterior side of the body, the contact surface defining an electrical contact of the electrode;
• and
• the vapor or a source of the vapor, disposed in the internal cavity.