# US 11,897,362 B2 · Systems and methods for individual control of a plurality of controllable units of battery cells

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- Number: US 11,897,362 B2
- Document ID: US11897362B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 17/727,143
- Filed: 2022-04-22
- Published: 2022-11-10
- Granted: 2024-02-13
- Earliest claimed: 2021-05-04
- Assignees: Exro Technologies Inc.
- Applicants: Exro Technologies Inc.
- Inventors: Tung Nguyen; Eric Hustedt
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11897362B2

## CPC

- B60L 58/10: for monitoring or controlling batteries
- G01R 31/374: with means for correcting the measurement for temperature or ageing
- G01R 31/3842: combining voltage and current measurements
- G01R 31/392: Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
- G01R 31/396: Acquisition or processing of data for testing or for monitoring individual cells or groups of cells within a battery
- H01M 10/441: {for several batteries or cells simultaneously or sequentially}
- H02J 7/54: Passive balancing, e.g. using resistors or parallel MOSFETs
- H02J 7/56: Active balancing, e.g. using capacitor-based, inductor-based or DC-DC converters
- H02J 7/575: {Parallel/serial switching of connection of batteries to charge or load circuit}
- H02J 7/82: Control of state of charge [SOC]
- H02J 7/84: Control of state of health [SOH]
- H02J 7/90: Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
- H02J 7/933: {the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters}
- H02J 7/96: in response to battery voltage
- B60L 58/12: responding to state of charge [SoC]
- B60L 58/13: Maintaining the SoC within a determined range
- B60L 58/14: Preventing excessive discharging
- B60L 58/15: Preventing overcharging
- Y02E 60/10: Energy storage using batteries
- B60L: PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (arrangements or mounting of electrical propulsion units or of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion in vehicles B60K1/00, B60K6/20; arrangements or mounting of electrical gearing in vehicles B60K17/12, B60K17/14; preventing wheel slip by reducing power in rail vehicles B61C15/08; dynamo-electric machines H02K; control or regulation of electric motors H02P); SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (electric coupling devices combined with mechanical couplings of vehicles B60D1/64; electric heating for vehicles B60H1/00); ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL (control or regulation of electric motors H02P); MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- G01R: MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES (indicating correct tuning of resonant circuits H03J3/12)
- H01M: PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H02J: ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION

## Abstract

A battery control system includes a plurality of battery cells that are separately controllable as units of individual cells or groups of cells. Each controllable unit may be switchably activated or deactivated in the overall battery circuit, and one or more conditions of each controllable unit may be individually measured. Various techniques are disclosed for operating the battery control system to optimize or improve system performance and longevity.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A battery control system, comprising:
a plurality of battery cells arranged as a plurality of controllable units that are electrically connectable in circuit via switching circuitry, wherein each controllable unit includes at least one of the battery cells of the plurality;
the switching circuitry coupled to the plurality of battery cells, and arranged to facilitate individualized control of each of the controllable units, wherein the individualized control includes selective activation/deactivation of each controllable unit within an aggregation of battery cells through operation of the switching circuitry;
sensing circuitry arranged at each controllable unit to measure conditions of at least one battery cell of that controllable unit; and
controller circuitry operatively coupled to the switching circuitry and to the sensing circuitry, the controller circuitry operative to read the sensing circuitry and to operate the switching circuitry to dynamically activate and deactivate the controllable units within the aggregation of battery cells based on the individualized control, to meet an output voltage target, according to battery-management instructions;
wherein the battery management instructions, when executed, cause the controller circuitry to:
estimate a state of each controllable unit based on the measured conditions of the at least one battery cell in that controllable unit, wherein the estimated state is indicative of a performance capability of that controllable unit;
perform the individualized control such that durations of the activation of individual ones of the controllable units within the aggregation of battery cells are varied according to activation criteria which is based on the performance capabilities of those controllable units;
further perform the individualized control to place one or more of the controllable units, which is otherwise operative according to the activation criteria, into a resting state in which those one or more of the controllable units are temporarily maintained in a deactivated state according to cell-resting criteria which causes the one or more of the controllable units to be non-responsive to the activation criteria, while others of the controllable units are maintained in a non-resting state such that those others of the controllable units are subject to activation for durations according to the activation criteria;
wherein the cell-resting criteria calls for controllable units to be placed into the resting state based on intensity of recent usage according to a defined duration of activation of the one or more controllable units during a preceding operational period regardless of the determined performance capability of those controllable units; and
further perform the individualized control to remove the one or more of the controllable units from the resting state such that those one or more controllable units are activated for durations according to the activation criteria.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The battery control system of claim 1, wherein the conditions measured by the sensing circuitry associated with each controllable unit include voltage of the at least one cell of that controllable unit, current through the at least one cell of that controllable unit, and temperature of at least one cell of that controllable unit.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The battery control system of claim 1, wherein in the individualized control, the controllable units are activated and deactivated in response to power demand information received from a controller associated with a load.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The battery control system of claim 1, wherein the one or more of the controllable units are placed into the resting state according to the cell-resting criteria that is based on measured temperature of such one or more controllable units regardless of the determined performance capability of those controllable units.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The battery control system of claim 1, wherein in the individualized control, the durations of activation of the controllable units are dynamically varied based on the measured conditions and in accordance with the activation criteria.

### Claim 6 (depends on 5)

The battery control system of claim 5, wherein controllable units having estimated states indicative of relatively higher performance capability activated for relatively longer durations, and controllable units having estimated states indicative of relatively lower performance capability are activated for relatively shorter durations, in accordance with the activation criteria.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The battery control system of claim 1, wherein the output voltage target is a time-varying voltage.

### Claim 8 (depends on 7)

The battery control system of claim 7, wherein the switching circuitry includes a series arrangement of the controllable units, and wherein in the individualized control, the controllable units of the series arrangement are sequentially activated and deactivated to produce the time-varying voltage.

### Claim 9 (depends on 1)

The battery control system of claim 1, wherein the durations of the activation of individual ones of the controllable units is determined according to the activation criteria based on a combination of an estimated state of charge (SoC) value, and an estimated state of health (SoH) value of each controllable unit.

### Claim 10 (depends on 9)

The battery control system of claim 9, wherein the individualized control is further performed based on a present temperature of each controllable unit.

### Claim 11

A method for operating a battery control system having a plurality of battery cells arranged as a plurality of controllable units that are electrically connectable in circuit via switching circuitry, each controllable unit including at least one of the battery cells of the plurality, the method comprising:
measuring conditions of at least one battery cell of each controllable unit;
estimating a state of each controllable unit based on the measured conditions of the at least one battery cell in that controllable unit, wherein the estimated state is indicative of a performance capability of that controllable unit;
performing individualized control of the controllable units, including dynamically activating and deactivating individual ones of the controllable units according to activation criteria that is based on the performance capabilities of those controllable units;
further performing the individualized control to place one or more of the controllable units, which is otherwise operative according to the activation criteria, into a resting state in which those one or more of the controllable units are temporarily maintained in a deactivated state according to cell-resting criteria which causes the one or more of the controllable units to be non-responsive to the activation criteria, while others of the controllable units are maintained in a non-resting state such that those others of the controllable units are subject to activation for durations according to the activation criteria;
wherein the cell-resting criteria calls for controllable units to be placed into the resting state based on intensity of recent usage according to a defined duration of activation of the one or more controllable units during a preceding operational period regardless of the determined performance capability of those controllable units; and
further performing the individualized control to remove the one or more of the controllable units from the resting state such that those one or more controllable units are activated for durations according to the activation criteria.

### Claim 12 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11, wherein measuring the conditions associated with each controllable unit include voltage of the at least one cell of that controllable unit, current through the at least one cell of that controllable unit, and temperature of at least one cell of that controllable unit.

### Claim 13 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11, wherein in performing the individualized control, the durations of activation of the controllable units are dynamically varied based on the measured conditions and in accordance with the activation criteria.

### Claim 14 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11, wherein performing the individualized control includes activating the controllable units having estimated states indicative of relatively higher performance capability for relatively longer durations, and activating the controllable units having estimated states indicative of relatively lower performance capability for relatively shorter durations, in accordance with the activation criteria.

### Claim 15 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11, wherein in dynamically activating and deactivating individual ones of the controllable units, the controllable units are sequentially activated and deactivated to produce a varying-voltage waveform.

### Claim 16 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11, wherein in dynamically activating and deactivating individual ones of the controllable units, the controllable units are activated and deactivated in response to power demand information received from a controller associated with a load.

### Claim 17 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11, wherein in placing one or more of the controllable units into a resting state according to the cell-resting criteria, the cell-resting criteria is further based on measured temperature of the one or more controllable units regardless of the determined performance capability of those controllable units.