Actuator

An actuator comprising:

• a plurality of base electrodes arranged in sequence;
• one or more counter electrodes, opposing the one or more base electrodes, each disposed between adjacent ones of the plurality of base electrodes, and;
• a first terminal connected the at least one base electrode;
• and
• a second terminal connected to the at least one counter electrode, wherein:
• the at least one base electrode includes an opposing surface opposing the at least one counter electrode, at least the opposing surface being covered by an insulating layer, the insulating layer comprising a ceramic including a perovskite structure;
• and
• the at least one counter electrode comprises a flexible electrical conductor being deformable by a Coulomb force acting between the at least one base electrode and the at least one counter electrode when a voltage is applied between the first terminal and the second terminal;
• wherein
• the first terminal is connected to the plurality of base electrodes;
• the second terminal is connected to the one or more counter electrodes;
• the adjacent ones of the base electrodes include opposing surfaces opposing each other across the one or more counter electrodes, the opposing surfaces having protrusion-and-recess shapes engageable with each other and each being covered by an insulating layer.