Method and apparatus for improved belief propagation based decoding

A receiver comprising:

• one or more processors;
• and
• one or more memories comprising computer program codes,
• the one or more memories and the computer program codes configured to, with the one or more processors, cause the receiver to:
• perform belief propagation, BP, decoding on received information;
• obtain, in response to the BP decoding being unsuccessful and based on a first table comprising left-to-right messages associated with nodes of a plurality of processing elements for the BP decoding and the received information, a second table comprising right-to-left messages associated with the nodes;
• search, based on the first table and the second table, a conflict verification processing element in the plurality of processing elements, the conflict verification processing element being a verification processing element for which the left-to-right messages associated with the most-left nodes affecting the left-to-right message associated with its left-upper node indicate frozen bits and the left-to-right messages associated with the most-left nodes affecting the left-to-right message associated with its left-lower node indicate frozen bits and information bits, and having a negative sign for the right-to-left message associated with its left-upper node;
• update, for the conflict verification processing element, both signs of the right-to-left messages associated with its right-upper node and right-lower node to be the same and the sign of the right-to-left messages associated with its left-upper node to be positive;
• update the second table based on the updating of the conflict verification processing element;
• and
• perform the BP decoding based on the updated second table.