Methods, systems, and apparatus for closed-loop neuromodulation

A method of treating epilepsy, comprising:

• detecting, using a first electrode array, an electrophysiological signal of a subject, wherein the electrophysiological signal is a signal associated with or correlated with the onset of an epileptic seizure, wherein the first electrode array is coupled to a first endovascular carrier implanted within the subject, wherein the first endovascular carrier is a coiled microwire and wherein the first electrode array comprises electrodes arranged along a length of the coiled microwire;
• analyzing the electrophysiological signal using a neuromodulation unit implanted within the subject and electrically coupled to the first electrode array;
• and
• stimulating an intracorporeal target of the subject using a second electrode array in response to the electrophysiological signal detected, wherein the intracorporeal target is stimulated as part of a treatment for epilepsy, wherein the second electrode array is electrically coupled to the neuromodulation unit, wherein the second electrode array is coupled to a second endovascular carrier implanted within the subject, wherein the second endovascular carrier is implanted within the internal jugular vein superior to a jugular foramen of the subject.