Multi-layered biomimetic osteochondral implants and methods of using thereof

A biomimetic osteochondral implant comprising:

• a bearing layer, a base layer configured to be attached to bone upon implantation of the implant, and a hydrophobic middle layer positioned between the bearing layer and the base layer;
• and wherein
• the bearing layer comprises a biphasic polymer, a lubricious compliant surface configured for articulation within an orthopedic joint, a non-lubricious under surface having a composition comprising less than 10% water and adapted to provide a connection to the hydrophobic middle layer, a first thickness extending between the lubricious compliant surface and the non-lubricious under surface, and a first compressive modulus with a first stiffness;
• the hydrophobic middle layer has a shaped first surface, a second surface, and a second thickness extending therebetween, the shaped first surface comprising a perimeter and an external face spaced within the perimeter and attached to the non-lubricious under surface of the bearing layer and forming an essentially hydrophobic contact interface with the non-lubricious under surface of the bearing layer, wherein the non-lubricious under surface of the bearing layer conforms in shape to the external face, and the hydrophobic middle layer further has a second compressive modulus with a second stiffness, the second stiffness being greater than the first stiffness;
• and
• the base layer comprising a metal and having an outer base surface attached to the second surface of the hydrophobic middle layer, an inner base surface configured to attach to the bone, and a third thickness extending between the inner base surface and outer base surface, and having a third compressive modulus with a third stiffness, the third stiffness being greater than the second stiffness.