Johnson thermo-electrochemical converter

A thermo-electrochemical converter comprising a first membrane electrode assembly array and a second membrane electrode assembly array, each of the first and second membrane electrode assembly (MEA) arrays comprising:

• a plurality of porous electrodes;
• a working fluid;
• a plurality of ion or proton conductive membranes, the porous electrodes being arranged in an alternating sequence with the membranes;
• a plurality of conduits containing the working fluid, at least one of the conduits being a high pressure conduit containing the working fluid at a first pressure and at least another one of the conduits being a low pressure conduit containing the working fluid at a second pressure which is lower than the first pressure,
• wherein the number of porous electrodes and membranes of the first MEA array is greater than the number of porous electrodes and membranes of the second MEA array,
• wherein a first porous electrode of any sequential pair of the porous electrodes in each MEA array is coupled to the low pressure conduit for low pressure working fluid flow therethrough and a second porous electrode of the sequential pair of the porous electrodes is coupled to the high pressure conduit for high pressure working fluid flow therethrough, such that each of the membranes is subjected to a pressure differential between the pair of porous electrodes,
• wherein, in a first mode of operation of the converter, the working fluid is configured to circulate in the plurality of conduits by flowing through the porous electrodes and membranes of the first MEA array in a first direction from a low pressure side to a high pressure side of the converter and through the porous electrodes and membranes of the second MEA array in a second direction opposite to the first direction from the high pressure side to the low pressure side of the converter, and
• wherein the greater number of porous electrodes and membranes of the first MEA array causes an additional amount of the working fluid to be pumped from the low pressure side to the high pressure side of the converter, in order to compensate for a loss of the pressure differential resulting from molecular diffusion of the working fluid through the membranes.