Extracellular vesicles, comprising:
- (i) lactate dehydrogenase B(LDHB);
- (ii) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC-1α);
- and
- (iii) calcium-calmodulin activated kinases type 1B (CaMK1B), calcium-calmodulin activated kinases type 2B (CaMK2B), calcium-calmodulin activated kinase type 5 (CaMK5), myocyte specific enhancer 2B (MEF2B), myocyte specific enhancer 2C (MEF2C) and cyclin adenosine monophosphate (cAMP),
- wherein the extracellular vesicles are prepared by:
- (a-1) inoculating human mesenchymal stem cells into a matrix gel for in vitro culture (“in vitro culture matrix gel”), which contains extracellular vesicles obtained through co-culture of human amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells and polylactic acid;
- (a-2) preparing a subculture of the mesenchymal stem cells in a serum-free medium, in which extracellular vesicles derived from trophoblasts having immune-tolerant properties to secrete and express HLA-G, and extracellular vesicles secreted during differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocyte are contained;
- (a-3) inoculating the sub-cultured mesenchymal stem cells on a culture plate and culturing the same in a serum-free medium to obtain a culture supernatant;
- and
- (a-4) centrifuging, filtering and separating the culture supernatant;
- wherein the extracellular vesicles derived from trophoblasts are prepared by:
- (b-1) inoculating trophoblasts into the in vitro culture matrix gel containing extracellular vesicles obtained through co-culture of the human amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a serum-free medium and hyaluronic acid;
- (b-2) preparing a subculture of the trophoblasts in a serum-free medium;
- (b-3) inoculating the sub-cultured trophoblasts in a culture plate and culturing the same in a serum-free medium so as to obtain a culture supernatant;
- and
- (b-4) centrifuging, filtering and separating the culture supernatant;
- and
- wherein the extracellular vesicles secreted during differentiation of hepatocytes are prepared by:
- (c-1) culturing one or more selected from human bone marrow, fat, umbilical cord blood, placenta, amniotic epithelium, chorion, umbilical cord and amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a hepatocyte differentiation initiating medium which contains epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4);
- and
- (c-2) obtaining a culture supernatant by culturing the cultured mesenchymal stem cells in a hepatocyte differentiation medium which contains hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for 7 days to 14 days;
- and
- (c-3) centrifuging, filtering and separating the obtained culture supernatant.