Glucose-sensing electrode and device with nanoporous layer

A glucose-sensing electrode comprising:

• at least one electrically conductive layer comprising a surface;
• and
• a nanoporous layer formed on the surface,
• wherein the nanoporous layer comprises a three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies comprising numerous nanoparticles having a generally oval or spherical shape with a length ranging between about 2 nm and about 5 nm, wherein the nanoparticles contain at least one of metal and metal oxide,
• wherein, inside the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies, at least part of the nanoparticles are adjacent to each other without an intervening nanoparticle therebetween and apart from each other to define interparticular nanopores therebetween, wherein at least part of the interparticular nanopores inside the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies are in a size ranging between about 0.5 nm and about 3 nm,
• wherein the nanoporous layer further comprises a three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped spaces that is geometrically complementary to the three-dimensional interconnected network of irregularly shaped bodies,
• wherein the glucose-sensing electrode does not comprise a glucose-specific enzyme.