Low cost test strip and method to measure analyte

A method for determining a concentration of at least one analyte in a fluid sample, the method comprising:

• providing a test strip comprising:
• a flexible substrate layer;
• a first electrode pair disposed upon the flexible substrate layer;
• at least one sensing chemistry selected based on an analyte of interest, the sensing chemistry being disposed upon at least a portion of the substrate layer, and the sensing chemistry being disposed upon at least a portion of the electrode pair, wherein the sensing chemistry comprises functionalized nanostructures to bind to an analyte causing at least one of an electrical resistance change across the nanostructures and a redox reaction at the nanostructures;
• at least one flexible spacing layer, the at least one flexible spacing layer disposed upon at least a portion of the flexible substrate layer, and the at least one flexible spacing layer disposed upon at least a portion of the first electrode pair, and wherein the flexible spacing layer is not in contact with at least a portion of the sensing chemistry;
• and
• a flexible protective layer disposed above the flexible spacing layer, wherein the flexible protective layer is not in contact with at least a portion of the sensing chemistry, wherein the flexible protective layer is impermeable to at least the analyte of interest;
• and
• wherein at least a portion of the flexible substrate layer, at least a portion of the at least one flexible spacing layer, and at least a portion of the flexible protective layer define a chamber enclosing at least a portion of the functionalized nanostructures;
• and
• measuring at least one of an electrical resistance change across the nanostructures and a redox reaction at the nanostructures via the first electrode pair.