Membranes with reduced resistivity

A method, comprising:

• fabricating a membrane comprising a dielectric material and an electrically conductive additive;
• depositing an electrode on the membrane;
• and
• assembling a transducer comprising the membrane, the electrode, a dielectric fluid, and a second electrode, wherein:
• at least a portion of the membrane is located between the electrode and the dielectric fluid;
• the second electrode is supported by a second membrane;
• and
• at least a portion of the second membrane is located between the second electrode and the dielectric fluid.

A method, comprising:

• applying an electrical signal between a first electrode and a second electrode within a transducer;
• electrostatically adhering a first membrane adjacent the first electrode to a second membrane adjacent the second electrode using the electrical signal;
• and
• expelling dielectric fluid from between the first electrode and the second electrode to provide actuation of the transducer, wherein:
• the first membrane comprises a dielectric material and an electrically conductive additive;
• and
• the first membrane has a volume resistivity of between 108 ohm.cm and 1012 ohm.cm.