Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

A process cartridge comprising:

• an electrophotographic photosensitive member;
• and
• at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit, a developing unit, and a cleaning unit,
• the process cartridge integrally supporting the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the at least one unit, and being removably mounted onto a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus,
• wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises, in this order:
• a support;
• a photosensitive layer;
• and a protection layer as a surface layer,
• wherein the protection layer has a surface having a developed area ratio Sdr of 1.0% to 40.0%, and
• an A value represented by formula (1) of 0.10 to 0.27:
• A=S1/S2 formula (1)
• where, in the formula (1), S1 represents a peak area from 1,530 cm−1 to 1,470 cm−1 based on C═C stretching vibration of an aromatic ring out of peak areas of a spectrum obtained by subjecting the surface of the protection layer to measurement by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy through use of Ge as an internal reflection element and through use of a measurement condition of 45° as an angle of incidence, and S2 represents a peak area from 1,770 cm−1 to 1,700 cm−1 based on C═O stretching vibration of an ester group out of the peak areas of the spectrum obtained by subjecting the surface of the protection layer to the measurement by the attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy through use of Ge as the internal reflection element and through use of a measurement condition of 45° as the angle of incidence.

An electrophotographic apparatus comprising:

• an electrophotographic photosensitive member;
• and
• a charging unit, an exposing unit, a developing unit, and a transferring unit,
• wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises, in this order:
• a support;
• a photosensitive layer;
• and a protection layer as a surface layer,
• wherein the protection layer has a surface having a developed area ratio Sdr of 1.0% to 40.0%, and
• an A value represented by formula (1) of 0.10 to 0.27:
• A=S1/S2 formula (1)
• where, in the formula (1), S1 represents a peak area from 1,530 cm−1 to 1,470 cm−1 based on C═C stretching vibration of an aromatic ring out of peak areas of a spectrum obtained by subjecting the surface of the protection layer to measurement by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy through use of Ge as an internal reflection element and through use of a measurement condition of 45° as an angle of incidence, and S2 represents a peak area from 1,770 cm−1 to 1,700 cm−1 based on C═O stretching vibration of an ester group out of the peak areas of the spectrum obtained by subjecting the surface of the protection layer to the measurement by the attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy through use of Ge as the internal reflection element and through use of a measurement condition of 45° as the angle of incidence.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising, in this order:

• a support;
• a photosensitive layer;
• and
• a protection layer as a surface layer,
• wherein the protection layer is a cured film obtained by polymerizing a composition containing a monomer having a polymerizable functional group,
• the protection layer has a surface having a developed area ratio Sdr of 1.0% to 40.0% or less, and
• wherein an A value represented by formula (1) of 0.10 to 0.27:
• A=S1/S2 formula (1)
• where, in the formula (1), S1 represents a peak area from 1,530 cm−1 to 1,470 cm−1 based on C═C stretching vibration of an aromatic ring out of peak areas of a spectrum obtained by subjecting the surface of the protection layer to measurement by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy through use of Ge as an internal reflection element and through use of a measurement condition of 45° as an angle of incidence, and S2 represents a peak area from 1,770 cm−1 to 1,700 cm−1 based on C═O stretching vibration of an ester group out of the peak areas of the spectrum obtained by subjecting the surface of the protection layer to the measurement by the attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy through use of Ge as the internal reflection element and through use of a measurement condition of 45° as the angle of incidence.