Organic light-emitting device and method of manufacturing the same

An organic light-emitting device comprising:

• a first electrode;
• a second electrode;
• an emission layer comprising a host and a dopant, the emission layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode;
• a hole transport region disposed between the first electrode and the emission layer;
• and
• an electron transport region disposed between the emission layer and the second electrode,
• wherein the dopant comprises platinum or palladium, and a tetradentate organic ligand including a benzimidazole and a pyridine group, a dopant concentration profile of the emission layer satisfies N1≤Dcon(x)≤N2 in a direction from the hole transport region toward the electron transport region,
• wherein the dopant concentration profile of the emission layer is continuous,
• x of Dcon(x) is a real number and a variable satisfying 0≤x≤LEML,
• LEML is a thickness of the emission layer,
• Dcon(x) represents a dopant concentration (percent by weight) in the emission layer at a distance x from an interface between the hole transport region and the emission layer to an interface between the electron transport region and the emission layer,
• N1 is a minimum value of a dopant concentration of the emission layer and is in a range of about 1 percent by weight to about 10 percent by weight,
• N2 is a maximum value of the dopant concentration of the emission layer and is greater than about 10 percent by weight and less than or equal to about 40 percent by weight,
• wherein Dcon(0) and Dcon(LEML) are each N2,
• wherein the dopant is represented by Formula 1A-1:
• wherein in Formula 1A-1,
• M represents the palladium or the platinum,
• X1 is O or S, and a bond between X1 and M is a covalent bond, X2 is N, and X3 is C,
• X11 is N or C-[(L11)b11-(R11)c11], X12 is N or C-[(L12)b12-(R12)c12], X13 is N or C-[(L13)b13-(R13)c13], and X14 is N or C-[(L14)b14-(R14)c14],
• X21 is N or C-[(L21)b21-(R21)c21], X22 is N or C-[(L22)b22-(R22)c22], and X23 is N or C-[(L23)b23-(R23)c23],
• X31 is N or C-[(L31)b31-(R31)c31], X32 is N or C-[(L32)b32-(R32)c32], and X33 is N or C-[(L33)b33-(R33)c33],
• X41 is N or C-[(L41)b41-(R41)c41], X42 is N or C-[(L42)b42-(R42)c42], X43 is N or C-[(L43)b43-(R43)c43], and X44 is N or C-[(L44)b44-(R44)c44], and X51 is N-[(L7)b7-(R7)c7], wherein
• L7, L11 to L14, L21 to L23, L31 to L33, and L41 to L44, are independently a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group,
• b11 to b14, b21 to b23, b31 to b33, and b41 to b44, are independently an integer of 0 to 5, and b7 is 0,
• R7 is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,
• R11 to R14, R21 to R23, R31 to R33, and R41 to R44, are independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,
• c7 is 1, and c11 to c14, c21 to c23, c31 to c33, and c41 to c44, are independently an integer of 1 to 5, and
• optionally, at least two of R11 to R14 are linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group,
• optionally, at least two of R21 to R23 are linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group,
• optionally, at least two of R31 to R33 are linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group, or
• optionally, at least two of R41 to R44 are linked to form a substituted or unsubstituted C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30 heterocyclic group.