Display apparatus that includes concavo-convex structure on upper surface of pixel defining layer and method of manufacturing the same

A display apparatus comprising:

• a substrate;
• a pixel electrode disposed on the substrate;
• a pixel defining layer disposed on the pixel electrode, the pixel defining layer having an opening that exposes a central portion of the pixel electrode;
• and
• at least one liquid-repellent layer disposed on the pixel defining layer, the at least one liquid-repellent layer including an upper surface having a concavo-convex structure induced by phase separation of two liquid-repellant agents,
• wherein a surface roughness of the at least one liquid-repellent layer is 10 nm to 25 nm,
• wherein the at least one liquid-repellant layer maintains a liquid repellant characteristic after plasma cleaning,
• wherein the at least one liquid-repellent layer comprises a first liquid-repellent layer and a second liquid-repellent layer,
• wherein the second liquid-repellent layer is located on the first liquid-repellent layer,
• wherein the first liquid-repellent layer includes a first liquid-repellent agent and the second liquid-repellent layer includes a second liquid-repellent agent, and
• wherein the first liquid-repellent agent has a first surface energy that is greater than a second surface energy of the second liquid-repellent agent.