Transparent electrostatic transducers

An optically transparent or semi-transparent transducing device comprising:

• an optically transparent or semi-transparent two-dimensional membrane electrostatic diaphragm having a plurality of atomic layers, wherein the electrostatic diaphragm absorbs less than 50% of incident light between wavelengths of 390 nm and 780 nm, wherein the electrostatic diaphragm is less than 30 atomic layers thick, wherein the electrostatic diaphragm comprises graphene;
• a first and second optically transparent spacer, wherein each first and second spacer comprises a large round, sheet, or roll format with conductive patterning onto which one side of the electrostatic diaphragm is bonded, wherein the first and second spacer each have a substantially circular open region defining circular portions above and below the electrostatic diaphragm;
• and
• a first and second transparent electrode, wherein each first and second transparent electrode comprises a large round, sheet, or roll format with conductive patterning, wherein the first and second transparent electrodes are arranged on opposite sides of the electrostatic diaphragm proximate to one side of the electrostatic diaphragm and the first or second spacer.