Fluorinated integrin antagonists

A method of treating diabetic retinopathy in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I:

• or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:
• Z is
• R and R′ are each independently H or F, or R and R′, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- or 4-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
• Q is
• X is CH or N;
• Y is CH or N;
• R1 is C1-C4 alkyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 fluorine atoms, or C1-C6 alkoxy substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 fluorine atoms;
• and
• R2 and R3 are each independently H, F, CH2F, CHF2, or CF3, provided that one of R2 and R3 is not H,
• provided that the compound of formula I contains at least one fluorine atom.