Medical devices and implements with liquid-impregnated surfaces

A catheter, comprising:

• an interior surface comprising an impregnating liquid and a plurality of micro-scale and/or nano-scale solid features spaced sufficiently close to stably contain the impregnating liquid therebetween,
• wherein said impregnating liquid fills spaces between said solid features,
• wherein said interior surface stably contains said impregnating liquid between said solid features,
• wherein said impregnating liquid is substantially held in place between said plurality of solid features regardless of orientation of said interior surface and regardless of flow, passage, or removal of fluids through, into, or out of said catheter,
• wherein said interior surface is partially submerged by the impregnating liquid, and
• wherein the interior surface is nonwetting to a biological fluids
• wherein 0<ϕ<0.3, where is a surface area fraction of the surface non-submerged by said impregnating liquid, and
• wherein said surface is a textured surface and said solid features are engineered protrusions or engineered particles of said textured surface.