Hematin modified bilirubin oxidase cathode

A method of producing electrical power, the method comprising:

• providing a fuel cell comprising:
• a cathode;
• an anode comprising an electrode substrate having a surface with a first region of the surface of the substrate having a catalyst composition located thereon, wherein the catalyst composition includes an inorganic or metallic catalyst, and having a second region of the surface of the substrate having an enzyme composition located thereon, wherein the combination of the catalyst composition and enzyme composition is cooperatively configured to convert the fuel reagent to carbon dioxide, wherein the first region and second region are separate regions such that an edge of the first region borders an edge of the second region;
• and
• a fuel liquid in contact with the anode and cathode, the fuel liquid having a fuel reagent;
• and
• operating the fuel cell to produce electrical power with the fuel liquid having the fuel reagent.

A method of producing electrical power, the method comprising:

• providing a fuel cell comprising:
• a cathode having a porphyrin precursor attached to a substrate, and having a first enzyme, wherein the first enzyme is one of coupled to the electrode substrate so as to be associated with the porphyrin precursor or a mixture including the first enzyme is linked through the porphyrin precursor to the substrate, wherein the first enzyme reduces oxygen;
• an anode having a first region of an anode substrate and having a gold nanoparticle composition located thereon, and having a second region of the anode substrate having an enzyme composition located thereon, wherein the enzyme composition includes a second enzyme, wherein the first region and second region are separate regions;
• and
• a fuel liquid in contact with the anode and cathode, the fuel liquid having a fuel reagent;
• and
• operating the fuel cell to produce electrical power with the fuel liquid having the fuel reagent.