Quantum dots with charge-transporting ligands

A method of replacing a first ligand on a nanostructure with a second ligand, the method comprising admixing a reaction mixture comprising a population of nanostructures having the first ligand bound to the nanostructure and a charge-transporting ligand which is the second ligand, such that the second ligand displaces the first ligand and becomes bound to the nanostructure, wherein the charge-transporting ligand comprises:

• (i) a hole-transporting ligand of formula (I)
• wherein:
• R1 is hydrogen or carboxy;
• R2 is
• R3 is hydrogen;
• X1-X8 independently are hydrogen, carboxy, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, halogen, C1-10 alkylamino, or cycloalkyl;
• X9-X13 independently are hydrogen, carboxy, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, C1-10 alkylamino, or cycloalkyl;
• R4 is an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• X14-X17 independently are hydrogen, carboxy, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, halogen, C1-10 alkylamino, or cycloalkyl;
• R5 is an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R6 is hydrogen;
• or
• R5 and R6 together form:
• X18-X22 independently are hydrogen, carboxy, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, halogen, C1-10 alkylamino, or cycloalkyl;
• R7 is an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• or
• R2 and R3 together form:
• X23-X26 independently are hydrogen, carboxy, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, halogen, C1-10 alkylamino, or cycloalkyl;
• R8 is an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R9 is an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R10 is hydrogen or an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• or
• R9 and R10 together form:
• or
• (ii) an electron-transporting ligand of formula (X)
• wherein:
• R11 is
• R12 is hydrogen or is
• R13 and R17 independently are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R14 and R18 independently are hydrogen, or
• R15 and R19 independently are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R16 and R20 independently are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R21 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R22 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R23 is H or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• and
• R24 is H or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• or
• (iii) a combination thereof.

A light emitting diode comprising:

• (a) a first conductive layer;
• (b) a second conductive layer;
• and
• (c) an emitting layer between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer, wherein the emitting layer comprises at least one population of nanostructures comprising a charge-transporting ligand bound to the nanostructures, wherein the charge-transporting ligand comprises:
• (i) a hole-transporting ligand of formula (I)
• wherein:
• R1 is hydrogen or carboxy;
• R2 is
• X1-X8 independently are hydrogen, carboxy, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, halogen, C1-10 alkylamino, or cycloalkyl;
• X9-X13 independently are hydrogen, carboxy, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy, haloalkyl, halogen, C1-10 alkylamino, or cycloalkyl;
• R4 is an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• X14-X17 independently are hydrogen, carboxy, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, halogen, C1-10 alkylamino, or cycloalkyl;
• R5 is an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R6 is hydrogen;
• or
• R5 and R6 together form:
• X18-X22 independently are hydrogen, carboxy, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, halogen, C1-10 alkylamino, or cycloalkyl;
• R7 is an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• or
• R2 and R3 together form:
• X23-X26 independently are hydrogen, carboxy, C1-10 alkyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, halogen, C1-10 alkylamino, or cycloalkyl;
• R8 is an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R9 is an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R10 is hydrogen or an unsubstituted or substituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• or
• R9 and R10 together form:
• or
• (ii) an electron-transporting ligand of formula (X)
• wherein:
• R11 is
• is hydrogen or is
• R13 and R17 independently are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R14 and R18 independently are hydrogen, or
• R15 and R19 independently are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R16 and R20 independently are a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R21 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R22 is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• R23 is H or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• and
• R24 is H or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group;
• or
• (iii) a combination thereof.