A non-transitory computer readable storage medium tangibly embodying a program of instructions that, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform a method comprising:
- for each given campaign of a plurality of campaigns, monitoring engagements and conversions of the given campaign when presented in a plurality of digital traffic segments, wherein each of the plurality of digital traffic segments comprises traffic related to a plurality of users, wherein the plurality of digital traffic segments comprises at least one website, wherein a number of the plurality of digital traffic segments is |S|, wherein a number of the plurality of campaigns is |C|;
- determining a segment-specific estimated quality score of a given traffic segment based on presentation of one or more campaigns of the plurality of campaigns in the given traffic segment, wherein the given traffic segment is comprised by the plurality of traffic segments, wherein the segment-specific estimated quality score is indicative of a quality level of observed engagements with the each one of the one or more campaigns when presented in the given traffic segment, wherein a quality level that is below a threshold indicates that the observed engagements comprise at least some intent-less engagements or fraudulent engagements in the given traffic segment, wherein said determining the segment-specific estimated quality score is performed automatically by a computerized processor of the computer in a first processing operation having a first processing complexity that is bound to an order of magnitude of O(|S|) Central Processing Unit (CPU) operations;
- determining an observation-based pair-specific quality score for the given traffic segment and a specific campaign, wherein the observation-based pair-specific quality score is calculated based on a number of observed engagements with the specific campaign when presented in the given traffic segment and based on a number of observed conversions in the specific campaign when presented in the given traffic segment;
- determining a pair-specific estimated quality score of the specific campaign for the given traffic segment indicating an estimated quality score of the specific campaign when presented in the given traffic segment, wherein the pair-specific estimated quality score is determined based on the segment-specific estimated quality score of the given segment and based on the observation-based pair-specific quality score for the given traffic segment and the specific campaign, wherein said determining the pair-specific estimated quality score is performed automatically by the computerized processor in a second processing operation having a second processing complexity that is bound to an order of magnitude of O(|S|+|C|) CPU operations,
- based on the pair-specific estimated quality score, determining that the observed engagements with the specific campaign when presented in the given traffic segment comprise intent-less engagements;
- and
- performing a responsive action, the responsive action comprising one or more of:
- generating an alert indicating a suspicion of an engagement fraud;
- and
- performing a preventive action directed for mitigating the engagement fraud.