Multilayer membranes for haptic devices

A method comprising:

• forming a first conductive layer on a first substrate;
• forming a second conductive layer on a second substrate;
• at least partially bonding the first substrate to the second substrate to form a layer of deformable fluidic transducers, wherein unbonded portions of the first substrate and the second substrate define a fluid channel between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer, and the fluid channel has an open-celled structure;
• and
• inserting a fluid in the fluid channel between the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer, wherein the open-celled structure allows the fluid to flow from an actuated fluidic transducer and deform a neighboring unactuated transducer.

A method comprising:

• applying an electric potential to at least one transducer of a layer of deformable fluidic transducers to produce a target actuation resolution;
• wherein each transducer in the layer of fluidic transducers comprises a first electrode coupled to a first substrate of the layer, a second electrode coupled to a second substrate of the layer, and a fluid channel between the first and second electrodes of the layer of fluidic transducers;
• and
• wherein actuating a fluidic transducer deforms a neighboring unactuated transducer.