Heater, method of manufacturing the same, and system

A method of manufacturing a heater, comprising:

• producing, based on extrusion molding, a conductive ceramic cylinder tube comprising an inner wall portion, an outer wall portion and cell-arrays interposed between the inner wall portion and the outer wall portion, the cell-arrays concentrically arranged, each cell-array including cells arranged in a circumferential direction of the ceramic cylinder tube;
• fixing an inner electrode to the inner wall portion of the ceramic cylinder tube;
• and
• fixing an outer electrode to the outer wall portion of the ceramic cylinder tube, wherein
• the cells in the cell-arrays form non-linear portions that are radially arranged in the ceramic cylinder tube, each non-linear portion extending in a radial direction of the ceramic cylinder tube while having a plurality of bends or curves between the inner wall portion and the outer wall portion of the ceramic cylinder tube,
• the inner and outer electrodes are provided such that current flows radially at least via said non-linear portions between the inner and outer electrodes, and
• the inner electrode and the outer electrode are tube-like electrodes.