Photonic transmission structure

An optical device, comprising:

• a plurality of photonic transmission structures, wherein:
• a first photonic transmission structure, of the plurality of photonic transmission structures, is disposed on a second photonic transmission structure of the plurality of photonic transmission structures;
• and
• each photonic transmission structure, of the plurality of photonic transmission structures, comprises:
• a first cladding structure,
• a first active structure disposed over the first cladding structure,
• a second cladding structure disposed over the first active structure,
• a second active structure disposed over the second cladding structure, and
• a third cladding structure disposed over the second active structure,
• wherein:
• at least one of the first active structure or the second active structure includes a non-alkali, oxide solution that includes a cation that is niobium.

A method of forming an optical device, comprising:

• forming a first cladding structure;
• forming a first active structure over the first cladding structure;
• forming a second cladding structure over the first active structure;
• forming a second active structure over the second cladding structure;
• and
• forming a third cladding structure over the second active structure, wherein:
• the first active structure is formed using a first sputtering process,
• the second active structure is formed using a second sputtering process,
• the first cladding structure, the second cladding structure, and the third cladding structure are each formed using a third sputtering process, and
• at least one of the first active structure and the second active structure includes a non-alkali, oxide solution that includes a cation that is niobium.