Method for pumping an aqueous fluid through an electroosmotic membrane

A method of pumping an aqueous fluid through an electroosmotic membrane situated between a cathode and an anode, the method comprising oxidizing water to O2 at the anode and reducing O2 at the cathode;

• wherein a potential difference E between the cathode and the anode is 1.4 V or less, wherein the cathode and anode are each in the form of a porous layer, each layer being coated or laminated onto the electroosmotic membrane such that the electroosmotic membrane is sandwiched between the cathode layer and the anode layer.