Analog to analog quantizer in crossbar array circuits for in-memory computing

An apparatus comprising:

• a digital-to-analog converter (DAC);
• a first crossbar connected to the DAC;
• a first analog quantizer connected to the first crossbar, wherein the first analog quantizer comprises:
• a voltage divider set;
• a comparator set having multiple comparators configured to generate voltage comparisons;
• and
• a logic set, wherein the voltage divider is configured to divide a reference voltage into multiple divided reference voltages, wherein each divided reference voltage is configured to establish a respective reference voltage for each comparator of the comparator set, and wherein a voltage potential difference between adjacent divided reference voltages is substantially equal throughout the voltage divider set;
• a buffer connected to the first analog quantizer;
• a second crossbar connected to the buffer;
• and
• an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) connected to the second crossbar.