Nanonozzle device arrays: their preparation and use for macromolecular analysis

A device for analyzing a polynucleotide macromolecule, the device comprising:

• two or more fluid reservoirs joined by a fluid pathway;
• a nanochannel having an effective inner diameter between about 10 nm and about 500 nm;
• and
• a discrete constriction in or at a terminal end of the nanochannel, having an effective inner diameter that is no more than about 40% of the effective inner diameter of the nanochannel, wherein the nanochannel and the constriction are located in the fluid pathway between the reservoirs, wherein the constriction is capable of maintaining a linearized polynucleotide macromolecule passing across the constriction in a linearized form,
• wherein the device is configured to transport the polynucleotide macromolecule through the nanochannel along a gradient, wherein the device is configured to vary the gradient to pass transport the polynucleotide macromolecule in each of the forward and reverse directions.