A method of treating systemic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising systemically administrating to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of extracellular vesicles, wherein said systemic GVHD is acute or chronic, wherein said extracellular vesicles express a natural killer cell (NK) activating receptor ligand, wherein said extracellular vesicles are obtained from cardiospheres, cardiosphere-derived cells (CDCs), or newt Al cell line, and wherein said NK activating receptor ligand is ULBP-2, 5, 6 or MIC-A/B.