Nanoparticle-attached enzyme cascades for accelerated multistep biocatalysis

A method of conducting a cascade reaction, comprising:

• providing a cascade cluster comprising a plurality of nanoparticles associated together as a cluster, wherein each nanoparticle is bound to a plurality of enzymes configured as an enzymatic cascade wherein the product of a first enzyme is the substrate of a second enzyme and so forth, wherein the enzymatic cascade comprises at least two different enzymes, and wherein the nanoparticles in the cluster are closely associated with one another such that, on average, each nanoparticle is separated from the nearest neighboring nanoparticle by a distance of no more than about one nanoparticle diameter;
• contacting the cascade cluster with a substrate of the first enzyme;
• and
• allowing a reaction to proceed so that each of the plurality of enzymes acts in succession to produce an end product, wherein the reaction is performed while minimizing stirring or mixing and;
• wherein at least one of the enzymes comprises multiple polyhistidine tags acting to cross-link the nanoparticles into the cluster.