Poly(aryl piperidinium) polymers including those with stable cationic pendant groups for use as anion exchange membranes and ionomers

A polymer comprising a reaction product of a polymerization mixture comprising

• (i) a piperidone monomer or salt or hydrate thereof having the formula:
• or
• an azoniaspiro salt monomer having the formula:
• (ii) an aromatic monomer having the formula:
• and
• (iii) optionally, a trifluoromethyl ketone monomer having the formula:
• wherein:
• R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R13, R14, R15, R16 and R17 are each independently hydrogen, halide, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl, and the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl are optionally substituted with halide, and wherein R3 and R6 are optionally linked to form a five membered ring optionally substituted with halide or alkyl;
• each R12 is independently alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or
• and the alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl are optionally substituted with fluoride;
• m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8;
• n is 0, 1, 2 or 3;
• X31 is an anion;
• and
• wherein in the case that the polymerization mixture comprises the azoniaspiro salt monomer of formula (2), either the polymerization mixture comprises the trifluoromethyl ketone monomer of formula (4), or the monomers used in a polymerization reaction to form the polymer are dissolved in an organic solvent and maintained at a temperature from −78° C. to 0° C. in the presence of a polymerization catalyst for 1 to 121 hours.