Systems and methods for limiter functions

A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions for determining dynamic gain values to be applied on a digital input signal, the digital input signal arranged in signal blocks, the dynamic gain values for attenuating input signal values exceeding a clipping threshold, which when the instructions are executed by at least one processor, causes the at least one processor to:

• pass backwards over a next signal block and a current signal block to produce a preliminary gain contour from the digital input signal, wherein the preliminary gain contour is produced by applying in reverse an instant gain ascent and a smooth gain decay to the digital input signal;
• and
• pass forwards over the current signal block to produce a final gain contour for the current signal block based on the preliminary gain contour, wherein the final gain contour is produced by applying forwards the instant gain ascent and the smooth gain decay to the preliminary gain contour.