Black phosphorus optical modulators for phase, amplitude and polarization control

An optical device configured to receive an input light and generate an output light, the optical device comprising

• an optical cavity comprising a black phosphorous layer on a dielectric gate layer, the dielectric gate layer being above a substrate, the black phosphorus layer having a set thickness and voltage-controllable doping levels, and
• a voltage input on the black phosphorous layer configured to receive a control voltage applied across the black phosphorous layer and the substrate to vary a doping level of the black phosphorous layer,
• wherein variation of the doping level of the black phosphorous layer modulates, based on the set thickness and a polarization state of the input light,
• a) a phase of the input light,
• b) an amplitude of the input light, or
• c) a polarization of the input light or a combination thereof;
• wherein the optical cavity includes a top and a bottom reflector;
• the top reflector being placed on the black phosphorous layer, and the bottom reflector being placed on the substrate;
• wherein the top reflector comprises a plurality of top layers, each top layer including a pair of a first top reflector layer and a second top reflector layer placed on the first top reflector layer, the first and the second top reflector layers being made of different materials, and the bottom reflector comprises a plurality of bottom layers, each bottom layer including a pair of a first bottom reflector layer and a second bottom reflector layer placed on the first bottom reflector layer, the first and the second bottom reflector layer being made from different materials;
• wherein each first top reflector layer comprises SiO2, each first bottom reflector layer comprises AlAs, and each second bottom reflector layer comprises Al0.1Ga0.9.