# US 11,451,322 B2 · Apparatus, system and method of communicating a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU)

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- Number: US 11,451,322 B2
- Document ID: US11451322B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 17/213,222
- Filed: 2021-03-26
- Published: 2021-07-22
- Granted: 2022-09-20
- Earliest claimed: 2017-06-26
- Assignees: Intel Corporation
- Applicants: Intel Corporation
- Inventors: Artyom Lomayev; Alexander Maltsev; Michael Genossar; Claudio Da Silva; Carlos Cordeiro
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11451322B2

## CPC

- H04L 1/0008: {by supplementing frame payload, e.g. with padding bits}
- H04L 1/06: using space diversity
- H03M 13/1102: {Codes on graphs and decoding on graphs, e.g. low-density parity check [LDPC] codes}
- H03M 13/1148: {Structural properties of the code parity-check or generator matrix}
- H03M 13/6356: {by repetition or insertion of dummy data, i.e. rate reduction}
- H03M 13/6362: {by puncturing}
- H03M 13/6527: {IEEE 802.11 [WLAN]}
- H04L 1/0041: {Arrangements at the transmitter end}
- H04L 1/0057: {Block codes (H04L1/0061, H04L1/0064 take precedence)}
- H04L 5/0007: {the frequencies being orthogonal, e.g. OFDM(A) or DMT}
- H04L 69/324: in the data link layer [OSI layer 2], e.g. HDLC
- H04W 72/0466: {the resource being a scrambling code}
- H04L 27/2636: {with FFT or DFT modulators, e.g. standard single-carrier frequency-division multiple access [SC-FDMA] transmitter or DFT spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing [DFT-SOFDM]}
- H04L: TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M)
- H03M: CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL (using fluidic means F15C4/00; optical analogue/digital converters G02F7/00; coding, decoding or code conversion, specially adapted for particular applications, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. G01D, G01R, G06F, G06T, G09G, G10L, G11B, G11C, H04B, H04L, H04M, H04N; ciphering or deciphering for cryptography or other purposes involving the need for secrecy G09C)
- H04W: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS (broadcast communication H04H; communication systems using wireless links for non-selective communication, e.g. wireless extensions H04M1/72)

## Abstract

Some demonstrative embodiments include apparatuses, devices, systems and methods of communicating a Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU). For example, an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) station (STA) may be configured to encode a Physical Layer (PHY) Service Data Unit (PSDU) of at least one user in an EDMG PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) according to an EDMG Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) encoding scheme, which is based at least on a count of one or more spatial streams for transmission to the user; and transmit the EDMG PPDU in a transmission over a channel bandwidth in a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz).

## Claims

### Claim 1

An apparatus comprising:
a processor comprising logic and circuitry configured to cause an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) wireless communication station (STA) to:
determine one or more Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) waveforms corresponding to one or more transmit chains, respectively, the one or more PPDU waveforms based on a spatial mapping of pre-EDMG fields of an EDMG Single Carrier (SC) mode Single User (SU) PPDU from a spatial stream to the one or more transmit chains, wherein a PPDU waveform corresponding to a transmit chain of the one or more transmit chains is based on a transmit chain number of the transmit chain, wherein the pre-EDMG fields comprise a non-EDMG Short Training Field (L-STF), a non-EDMG Channel Estimation Field (L-CEF), a non-EDMG Header (L-Header), and an EDMG Header (EDMG-Header-A);
determine one or more up-sampled and filtered waveforms corresponding to the one or more transmit chains, respectively, by up-sampling and filtering the one or more PPDU waveforms according to an up-sampling factor and a pulse-shaping filter impulse response;
determine one or more pre-EDMG waveforms corresponding to the one or more transmit chains, respectively, wherein a pre-EDMG waveform corresponding to the transmit chain is based on an up-sampled and filtered waveform corresponding to the transmit chain, and on a channel bandwidth for transmission of the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU;
determine one or more EDMG SC mode SU PPDU waveforms corresponding to the one or more transmit chains, respectively, wherein an EDMG SC mode SU PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain comprises a concatenation of the pre-EDMG waveform corresponding to the transmit chain with an EDMG waveform corresponding to EDMG fields of the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU; and
transmit the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU via the one or more transmit chains over the channel bandwidth based on the one or more EDMG SC mode SU PPDU waveforms; and
a memory to store information processed by the processor.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain is based on a matrix element of a spatial mapping matrix, an index of the matrix element is based on the transmit chain number of the transmit chain.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the index of the matrix element comprises a row index of the spatial mapping matrix, the row index is equal to the transmit chain number of the transmit chain.

### Claim 4 (depends on 2)

The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the matrix element is in a column of the spatial mapping matrix having a column index equal to 1.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The apparatus of claim 1 configured to cause the EDMG STA to determine the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain as follows:
rpre-EDMGiTX(1)(nTc)=[Q]iTX,1·rpre-EDMG(nTc),1≤iTX≤NTX
wherein NTx denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains, iTX denotes the transmit chain number, rpre-EDMGiTX(1)(nTc) denotes the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain number iTX, rpre-EDMG(nTc) denotes the pre-EDMG fields, Q denotes a spatial mapping matrix, and [ ]m,n denotes a matrix element from an m-th row and an n-th column.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the spatial mapping comprises spatial expansion with Cyclic Shift Diversity (CSD), the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain comprising a cyclic shift based on the transmit chain number of the transmit chain.

### Claim 7 (depends on 6)

The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the cyclic shift comprises a cyclic shift in SC chip units based on the transmit chain number.

### Claim 8 (depends on 6)

The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the cyclic shift is (iTX−1)×Nc×Tc, wherein iTX denotes the transmit chain number, Nc denotes a factor value, and Tc denotes a chip time duration.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the factor value Nc is equal to 4.

### Claim 10 (depends on 6)

The apparatus of claim 6 configured to cause the EDMG STA to determine the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain as follows:
r
pre
-
EDMG
,
Data
i
TX
⁡
(
1
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
)
=
⁢
{
r
pre
-
EDMG
,
Data
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
+
T
SC
i
TX
)
,
n
=
0
,
1
,
…
⁢
,
N
-
1
-
T
SC
i
TX
T
c
r
pre
-
EDMG
,
Data
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
-
(
N
⁢
T
c
-
T
SC
i
TX
)
)
,
n
=
N
-
T
SC
i
TX
T
c
,
…
⁢
,
N
-
1
,
⁢
1
≤
i
T
⁢
X
≤
N
T
⁢
X
wherein NTx denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains, iTX denotes the transmit chain number, rpre-EDMGiTX(1) denotes the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain number iTX, rpre-EDMG denotes the pre-EDMG fields, Tc denotes a chip time duration, TSCiTX denotes the cyclic shift for the transmit chain number iTX, and N denotes a length of the pre-EDMG fields.

### Claim 11 (depends on 1)

The apparatus of claim 1 configured to cause the EDMG STA to determine the up-sampled and filtered waveform corresponding to the transmit chain as follows:
⁢
r
pre
-
E
⁢
D
⁢
M
⁢
G
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
2
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
=
{
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
TX
⁡
(
1
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
up
)
,
n
=
0
,
N
up
,
2
*
N
up
⁢
…
0
otherwise
⁢
⁢
⁢
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
3
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
=
∑
k
=
0
K
-
1
⁢
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
2
)
⁡
(
(
n
-
k
)
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
⁢
h
S
⁢
C
⁢
C
⁢
B
⁡
(
k
)
,
n
=
0
,
1
,
…
⁢
⁢
⁢
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
4
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
=
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
3
)
⁡
(
(
n
+
K
-
1
2
)
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
,
n
=
0
,
1
,
…
wherein iTX denotes the transmit chain number, rpre-EDMGiTX(1) denotes the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain, rpre-EDMGiTX(4) denotes the up-sampled and filtered waveform corresponding to the transmit chain, hSCCB denotes the pulse-shaping filter impulse response, Tc denotes a chip time duration, Nup denotes the up-sampling factor, and K denotes a length of hSCCB in samples.

### Claim 12 (depends on 11)

The apparatus of claim 11 configured to cause the EDMG STA to, when the channel bandwidth is 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz), determine the pre-EDMG waveform corresponding to the transmit chain as follows:
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
=
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
4
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
,
1
≤
i
T
⁢
X
≤
N
T
⁢
X
wherein NTx denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains, and
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
denotes the pre-EDMG waveform corresponding to the transmit chain with the transmit chain number iTX.

### Claim 13 (depends on 11)

The apparatus of claim 11 configured to cause the EDMG STA to, when the channel bandwidth is 4.32 Gigahertz (GHz), determine the pre-EDMG waveform corresponding to the transmit chain as follows:
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
==
⁢
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
4
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
+
Δ
⁢
t
1
)
·
1
2
⁢
exp
⁡
(
-
j
⁢
2
⁢
π
⁡
(
Δ
⁢
F
2
)
⁢
(
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
⁢
n
)
+
⁢
+
⁢
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
4
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
+
Δ
⁢
t
2
)
·
1
2
⁢
exp
⁡
(
+
j
⁢
2
⁢
π
⁡
(
Δ
⁢
F
2
)
⁢
(
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
⁢
n
)
,
⁢
1
≤
i
T
⁢
X
≤
N
T
⁢
X
wherein:
NTx denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
denotes the pre-EDMG waveform corresponding to the transmit chain with the transmit chain number iTX,
ΔF denotes a channel spacing equal to 2.16 GHz, and
Δt1 and Δt2 are in the range [0, Tc].

### Claim 14 (depends on 11)

The apparatus of claim 11 configured to cause the EDMG STA to, when the channel bandwidth is 6.48 Gigahertz (GHz), determine the pre-EDMG waveform corresponding to the transmit chain as follows:
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
=
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
4
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
+
Δ
⁢
t
1
)
·
1
3
⁢
exp
⁡
(
-
j
⁢
2
⁢
π
⁢
Δ
⁢
F
⁡
(
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
⁢
n
)
++
⁢
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
4
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
+
Δ
⁢
t
2
)
·
1
3
++
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
4
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
+
Δ
⁢
t
3
)
·
1
3
⁢
exp
⁡
(
+
j
⁢
2
⁢
π
⁢
Δ
⁢
F
⁡
(
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
⁢
n
)
,
1
≤
i
TX
≤
N
TX
wherein:
NTx denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
denotes the pre-EDMG waveform corresponding to the transmit chain with the transmit chain number iTX,
ΔF denotes a channel spacing equal to 2.16 GHz, and
Δt1, Δt2 and Δt3 are in the range [0, Tc].

### Claim 15 (depends on 11)

The apparatus of claim 11 configured to cause the EDMG STA to, when the channel bandwidth is 8.64 Gigahertz (GHz), determine the pre-EDMG waveform corresponding to the transmit chain as follows:
r
pre
-
EDMG
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
=
r
pre
-
E
⁢
D
⁢
M
⁢
G
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
4
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
+
Δ
⁢
t
1
)
·
1
4
⁢
exp
⁡
(
-
j
⁢
2
⁢
π
⁡
(
3
⁢
Δ
⁢
F
2
)
⁢
(
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
⁢
n
)
++
⁢
r
pre
-
E
⁢
D
⁢
M
⁢
G
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
4
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
+
Δ
⁢
t
2
)
·
1
4
⁢
exp
⁡
(
-
j
⁢
2
⁢
π
⁡
(
Δ
⁢
F
2
)
⁢
(
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
⁢
n
)
++
⁢
r
pre
-
E
⁢
D
⁢
M
⁢
G
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
4
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
+
Δ
⁢
t
3
)
·
1
4
⁢
exp
⁡
(
+
j
⁢
2
⁢
π
⁡
(
Δ
⁢
F
2
)
⁢
(
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
⁢
n
)
++
r
pre
-
E
⁢
D
⁢
M
⁢
G
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
4
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
+
Δ
⁢
t
4
)
·
1
4
⁢
exp
⁡
(
+
j
⁢
2
⁢
π
⁡
(
3
⁢
Δ
⁢
F
2
)
⁢
(
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
⁢
n
)
,
1
≤
i
T
⁢
X
≤
N
T
⁢
X
wherein:
NTx denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains,
r
pre
-
E
⁢
D
⁢
M
⁢
G
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
denotes the pre-EDMG waveform corresponding to the transmit chain with the transmit chain number iTX,
ΔF denotes a channel spacing equal to 2.16 GHz, and
Δt1, Δt2, Δt3, and Δt4 are in the range [0, Tc].

### Claim 16 (depends on 1)

The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more EDMG waveforms correspond to an EDMG preamble, a data field, and a Training (TRN) field of the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU.

### Claim 17 (depends on 1)

The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the channel bandwidth is 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz), 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.

### Claim 18 (depends on 1)

The apparatus of claim 1 comprising a radio, the processor configured to cause the radio to transmit the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU.

### Claim 19 (depends on 18)

The apparatus of claim 18 comprising one or more antennas connected to the radio, and another processor to execute instructions of an operating system.

### Claim 20

A product comprising one or more tangible computer-readable non-transitory storage media comprising computer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at least one processor, enable the at least one processor to cause an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) wireless communication station (STA) to:
determine one or more Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) waveforms corresponding to one or more transmit chains, respectively, the one or more PPDU waveforms based on a spatial mapping of pre-EDMG fields of an EDMG Single Carrier (SC) mode Single User (SU) PPDU from a spatial stream to the one or more transmit chains, wherein a PPDU waveform corresponding to a transmit chain of the one or more transmit chains is based on a transmit chain number of the transmit chain, wherein the pre-EDMG fields comprise a non-EDMG Short Training Field (L-STF), a non-EDMG Channel Estimation Field (L-CEF), a non-EDMG Header (L-Header), and an EDMG Header (EDMG-Header-A);
determine one or more up-sampled and filtered waveforms corresponding to the one or more transmit chains, respectively, by up-sampling and filtering the one or more PPDU waveforms according to an up-sampling factor and a pulse-shaping filter impulse response;
determine one or more pre-EDMG waveforms corresponding to the one or more transmit chains, respectively, wherein a pre-EDMG waveform corresponding to the transmit chain is based on an up-sampled and filtered waveform corresponding to the transmit chain, and on a channel bandwidth for transmission of the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU;
determine one or more EDMG SC mode SU PPDU waveforms corresponding to the one or more transmit chains, respectively, wherein an EDMG SC mode SU PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain comprises a concatenation of the pre-EDMG waveform corresponding to the transmit chain with an EDMG waveform corresponding to EDMG fields of the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU; and
transmit the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU via the one or more transmit chains over the channel bandwidth based on the one or more EDMG SC mode SU PPDU waveforms.

### Claim 21 (depends on 20)

The product of claim 20, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to determine the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain as follows:
rpre-EDMGiTX(1)(nTc)=[Q]iTX,1·rpre-EDMG(nTc),1≤iTX≤NTX
wherein NTx denotes a total count of the one or more transmit chains, iTX denotes the transmit chain number, rpre-EDMGiTX(1) (nTc) denotes the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain number iTX, rpre-EDMG(nTc) denotes the pre-EDMG fields, Q denotes a spatial mapping matrix, and [ ]m,n denotes a matrix element from an m-th row and an n-th column.

### Claim 22 (depends on 20)

The product of claim 20, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to determine the up-sampled and filtered waveform corresponding to the transmit chain as follows:
⁢
r
pre
-
E
⁢
D
⁢
M
⁢
G
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
2
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
=
{
r
pre
-
E
⁢
D
⁢
M
⁢
G
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
1
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
,
n
=
0
,
N
up
,
2
*
N
u
⁢
p
⁢
…
0
otherwise
⁢
⁢
⁢
r
pre
-
E
⁢
D
⁢
M
⁢
G
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
3
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
=
∑
k
=
0
K
-
1
⁢
r
pre
-
E
⁢
D
⁢
M
⁢
G
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
2
)
⁡
(
(
n
-
k
)
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
⁢
h
S
⁢
C
⁢
C
⁢
B
⁡
(
k
)
,
n
=
0
,
1
,
…
⁢
⁢
⁢
r
pre
-
E
⁢
D
⁢
M
⁢
G
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
4
)
⁡
(
n
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
=
r
pre
-
E
⁢
D
⁢
M
⁢
G
i
T
⁢
X
⁡
(
3
)
⁡
(
(
n
+
K
-
1
2
)
⁢
T
c
N
u
⁢
p
)
,
n
=
0
,
1
,
…
wherein iTX denotes the transmit chain number, rpre-EDMGiTX(1) denotes the PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain, rpre-EDMGiTX(4) denotes the up-sampled and filtered waveform corresponding to the transmit chain, hSCCB denotes the pulse-shaping filter impulse response, Tc denotes a chip time duration, Nup denotes the up-sampling factor, and K denotes a length of hSCCB in samples.

### Claim 23

An apparatus for an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) wireless communication station (STA), the apparatus comprising:
means for determining one or more Physical Layer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) waveforms corresponding to one or more transmit chains, respectively, the one or more PPDU waveforms based on a spatial mapping of pre-EDMG fields of an EDMG Single Carrier (SC) mode Single User (SU) PPDU from a spatial stream to the one or more transmit chains, wherein a PPDU waveform corresponding to a transmit chain of the one or more transmit chains is based on a transmit chain number of the transmit chain, wherein the pre-EDMG fields comprise a non-EDMG Short Training Field (L-STF), a non-EDMG Channel Estimation Field (L-CEF), a non-EDMG Header (L-Header), and an EDMG Header (EDMG-Header-A);
means for determining one or more up-sampled and filtered waveforms corresponding to the one or more transmit chains, respectively, by up-sampling and filtering the one or more PPDU waveforms according to an up-sampling factor and a pulse-shaping filter impulse response;
means for determining one or more pre-EDMG waveforms corresponding to the one or more transmit chains, respectively, wherein a pre-EDMG waveform corresponding to the transmit chain is based on an up-sampled and filtered waveform corresponding to the transmit chain, and on a channel bandwidth for transmission of the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU;
means for determining one or more EDMG SC mode SU PPDU waveforms corresponding to the one or more transmit chains, respectively, wherein an EDMG SC mode SU PPDU waveform corresponding to the transmit chain comprises a concatenation of the pre-EDMG waveform corresponding to the transmit chain with an EDMG waveform corresponding to EDMG fields of the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU; and
means for causing the EDMG STA to transmit the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU via the one or more transmit chains over the channel bandwidth based on the one or more EDMG SC mode SU PPDU waveforms.

### Claim 24 (depends on 23)

The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the one or more EDMG waveforms correspond to an EDMG preamble, a data field, and a Training (TRN) field of the EDMG SC mode SU PPDU.