Method of forming electrodes on electrocaloric film

A method of making an electrocaloric element, comprising

• forming a film comprising an electrocaloric polymer;
• forming conductive layers on opposing surfaces of the film, wherein the forming of the conductive layers includes vapor deposition of the conductive layers under reduced pressure, wherein the reduced pressure is 10−8 torr to 500 torr:
• wherein (i) the vapor deposition of the conductive layers under the reduced pressure occurs for a duration of time, wherein the duration of time under the reduced pressure is less than 240 minutes or (ii) the vapor deposition of the conductive layers under the reduced pressure for a duration of time, wherein the duration of time of exposure to conductive material deposition is less than 240 minutes;
• establishing and maintaining the film at a temperature of less than or equal to 100° C. during forming of the conductive layers;
• wherein the conductive layers comprise aluminum or alloys of aluminum and at least one other metal comprising silicon, chromium, or titanium;
• wherein the conductive layers range in thickness from 10 nm to 200 nm.