# US 11,444,643 B2 · Signal frequency and bandwidth estimation using a learned filter pair response > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 11,444,643 B2 - Document ID: US11444643B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 16/858,960 - Filed: 2020-04-27 - Published: 2021-10-28 - Granted: 2022-09-13 - Earliest claimed: 2020-04-27 - Assignees: The Boeing Company - Applicants: The Boeing Company - Inventors: Gary A. Ray - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11444643B2 ## CPC - H04B 1/1027: {assessing signal quality or detecting noise/interference for the received signal} - G01R 23/02: Arrangements for measuring frequency, e.g. pulse repetition rate; Arrangements for measuring period of current or voltage - H03H 11/1291: {Current or voltage controlled filters} - H03H 17/0294: {Variable filters; Programmable filters} - H04B 1/0025: {using a sampling rate lower than twice the highest frequency component of the sampled signal (for demodulation of angle-modulated signals H03D3/006)} - H04B: TRANSMISSION - G01R: MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES (indicating correct tuning of resonant circuits H03J3/12) - H03H: IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS (waveguides, resonators, lines or other devices of the waveguide type H01P) ## Abstract Systems and methods for estimating frequency and bandwidth of unknown signals using learned features of a filter pair for the purpose of detecting, separating and tracking these signals in an electronic receiver. The techniques could be part of a signal cueing system that initiates signal detection, separation and tracking or a signal separation and tracking system which is initialized by the cueing system and adaptively updates frequency and bandwidth estimates so as to continuously separate and track signals after initial detection. The methodology is to train the filter responses using machine learning by creating a grid of training data based on signal examples that cover a span of frequencies and bandwidths. The system estimates frequency and bandwidth in real time, inputs those estimates into interpolating lookup tables to retrieve filter coefficients, and provides those filter coefficients to a tunable tracking filter. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method for estimating frequency and bandwidth of signals, the method comprising: transducing electromagnetic radiation carrying a repetitive signal into an analog electrical signal; converting the analog electrical signal into signal samples; inputting the signal samples to first and second filters having partially overlapping bandwidths that include a frequency range bounded by lower- and upper-bound frequencies and having a center frequency; outputting first filtered signal samples from the first filter and second filtered signal samples from the second filter in response to inputting the signal samples; processing the first and second filtered signal samples to generate frequency/bandwidth digital data representing an estimated frequency and an estimated bandwidth of the repetitive signal; generating filter coefficients for a tunable filter which are functions of the estimated frequency and the estimated bandwidth; tuning the tunable filter in accordance with the filter coefficients; inputting the signal samples to the tunable filter after tuning; outputting filtered signal samples from the tunable filter after tuning and in response to inputting the signal samples; and processing the filtered signal samples from the tunable filter to generate pulse descriptor words comprising respective data sets of parameter values of the repetitive signal, wherein each data set of parameter values making up a pulse descriptor word comprises amplitude, time of arrival, and frequency. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the first filter has a center frequency equal to the lower-bound frequency and the second filter has a center frequency equal to the upper-bound frequency. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising identifying a source of the repetitive signal based on the data sets of parameter values. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising directing movement of a vehicle based on the data sets of parameter values. ### Claim 5 A method for estimating frequency and bandwidth of signals, the method comprising: creating first and second 2-D lookup tables which store frequency offsets and third and fourth 2-D lookup tables which store bandwidths; transducing electromagnetic radiation carrying a repetitive signal into an analog electrical signal; converting the analog electrical signal into signal samples; inputting the signal samples to first and second filters having partially overlapping bandwidths that include a frequency range bounded by lower- and upper-bound frequencies and having a center frequency; outputting first filtered signal samples from the first filter and second filtered signal samples from the second filter in response to inputting the signal samples; processing the first and second filtered signal samples to generate frequency/bandwidth digital data representing an estimated frequency and an estimated bandwidth of the repetitive signal; generating filter coefficients for a tunable filter which are functions of the estimated frequency and the estimated bandwidth; tuning the tunable filter in accordance with the filter coefficients; and inputting the signal samples to the tunable filter after tuning, wherein the processing step comprises: computing first through fourth feature vectors based on the first and second filtered signal samples; inputting the first and second feature vectors into the first and third 2-D lookup tables; inputting the third and fourth feature vectors into the second and fourth 2-D lookup tables; outputting an estimated lower frequency offset and an associated estimated bandwidth from the first and third 2-D lookup tables in response to inputting the first and second feature vectors; estimating a lower frequency by adding the center frequency to the estimated lower frequency offset; outputting an estimated upper frequency offset and an associated estimated bandwidth from the second and fourth 2-D lookup tables in response to inputting the third and fourth feature vectors; estimating an upper frequency by adding the center frequency to the upper frequency offset; selecting either the estimated lower frequency or the estimated upper frequency; and outputting a signal representing the selected estimated frequency and the associated estimated bandwidth. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The method as recited in claim 5, further comprising: outputting filtered signal samples from the tunable filter after tuning and in response to inputting the digital signal samples. ### Claim 7 (depends on 5) The method as recited in claim 5, further comprising generating a two-input lookup table that stores values for one of the filter coefficients, wherein generating filter coefficients for the tunable filter comprises inputting the selected estimated frequency and the associated estimated bandwidth into the two-input lookup table. ### Claim 8 (depends on 5) The method as recited in claim 5, wherein creating first through fourth 2-D lookup tables comprises training filter responses using machine learning by creating a grid of training data based on example signal samples that cover a span of frequencies and bandwidths. ### Claim 9 (depends on 5) The method as recited in claim 5, wherein the first filter has a center frequency equal to the lower-bound frequency and the second filter has a center frequency equal to the upper-bound frequency. ### Claim 10 A system for processing repetitive signals, the system comprising: a sensor configured to transduce electromagnetic radiation carrying a repetitive signal into an analog electrical signal; an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert the analog electrical signal into signal samples; a signal frequency/bandwidth estimator comprising first and second filters connected to receive the signal samples and signal processing circuitry configured to process filtered signal samples from the first and second filters to generate frequency/bandwidth digital data representing an estimated frequency and an estimated bandwidth of the repetitive signal, wherein the first and second filters have partially overlapping bandwidths that include a frequency range bounded by lower- and upper-bound frequencies and having a center frequency; a signal separation and tracking channel comprising a tunable filter connected to receive the signal samples and configured to filter the signal samples using filter coefficients which are a function of the estimated frequency and estimated bandwidth; and a pulse descriptor word generator connected to receive filtered signal samples from the tunable filter and configured to process the filtered signal samples from the tunable filter to generate pulse descriptor words comprising respective data sets of parameter values of the repetitive signal, wherein each data set of parameter values making up a pulse descriptor word comprises amplitude, time of arrival, and frequency. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The system as recited in claim 10, wherein the first filter has a center frequency equal to the lower-bound frequency and the second filter has a center frequency equal to the upper-bound frequency. ### Claim 12 A system for processing repetitive signals, the system comprising: a sensor configured to transduce electromagnetic radiation carrying a repetitive signal into an analog electrical signal; an analog-to-digital converter configured to convert the analog electrical signal into signal samples; a signal frequency/bandwidth estimator comprising first and second filters connected to receive the signal samples and signal processing circuitry configured to process filtered signal samples from the first and second filters to generate frequency/bandwidth digital data representing an estimated frequency and an estimated bandwidth of the repetitive signal, wherein the first and second filters have partially overlapping bandwidths that include a frequency range bounded by lower- and upper-bound frequencies and having a center frequency; and a signal separation and tracking channel comprising a tunable filter connected to receive the signal samples and configured to filter the signal samples using filter coefficients which are a function of the estimated frequency and estimated bandwidth, wherein the signal processing circuitry comprises: a feature vector computation module configured to compute first through fourth feature vectors based on first and second filtered signal samples respectively out by the first and second filters; a first 2-D lookup table which is connected to receive the first and second feature vectors from the feature vector computation module and configured to store frequency offsets and output an interpolated frequency offset based on the first and second feature vectors; and a first adder connected to add the center frequency to an interpolated frequency offset output by the first 2-D lookup table to generate an estimated lower frequency. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The system as recited in claim 12, wherein the signal processing circuitry further comprises: a second 2-D lookup table which is connected to receive the third and fourth feature vectors from the feature vector computation module and configured to store frequency offsets and output an interpolated frequency offset based on the third and fourth feature vectors; and a second adder connected to add the center frequency to an interpolated frequency offset output by the second 2-D lookup table to generate an estimated upper frequency. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) The system as recited in claim 13, further comprising: a third 2-D lookup table which is connected to receive the first and second feature vectors from the feature vector computation module and configured to store bandwidths and output an interpolated bandwidth based on the first and second feature vectors; and a fourth 2-D lookup table which is connected to receive the third and fourth feature vectors from the feature vector computation module and configured to store bandwidths and output an interpolated bandwidth based on the third and fourth feature vectors. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) The system as recited in claim 14, further comprising a decision circuit that selects one of the estimated lower and upper frequencies and an associated estimated depending on whether a windowed sum squared of the output of the first filter is less or more than a windowed sum squared of the output of the second filter. ### Claim 16 (depends on 15) The system as recited in claim 15, wherein the signal separation and tracking channel further comprises a two-input filter coefficient lookup table which is connected to receive the selected estimated frequency and bandwidth and configured to store values of a filter coefficient and output a value of the first filter coefficient value which is dependent on the selected estimated frequency and bandwidth for use in tuning the tunable filter. ### Claim 17 (depends on 12) The system as recited in claim 12, wherein the first filter has a center frequency equal to the lower-bound frequency and the second filter has a center frequency equal to the upper-bound frequency. ### Claim 18 A signal cueing system comprising: first and second filters connected to receive signal samples of a repetitive signal and configured to output filtered signal samples, wherein the first and second filters have partially overlapping bandwidths that include a frequency range bounded by lower- and upper-bound frequencies and having a center frequency; and signal processing circuitry configured to process filtered signal samples from the first and second filters to generate frequency/bandwidth digital data representing an estimated frequency and an estimated bandwidth of the repetitive signal, wherein the signal processing circuitry comprises: a feature vector computation module configured to compute first through fourth feature vectors based on first and second filtered signal samples respectively out by the first and second filters; a first 2-D lookup table which is connected to receive the first and second feature vectors from the feature vector computation module and configured to store frequency offsets and output an interpolated frequency offset based on the first and second feature vectors; a first adder connected to add the center frequency to an interpolated frequency offset output by the first 2-D lookup table to generate an estimated lower frequency; a second 2-D lookup table which is connected to receive the third and fourth feature vectors from the feature vector computation module and configured to store frequency offsets and output an interpolated frequency offset based on the third and fourth feature vectors; and a second adder connected to add the center frequency to an interpolated frequency offset output by the second 2-D lookup table to generate an estimated upper frequency. ### Claim 19 (depends on 18) The system as recited in claim 18, further comprising: a third 2-D lookup table which is connected to receive the first and second feature vectors from the feature vector computation module and configured to store bandwidths and output an interpolated bandwidth based on the first and second feature vectors; and a fourth 2-D lookup table which is connected to receive the third and fourth feature vectors from the feature vector computation module and configured to store bandwidths and output an interpolated bandwidth based on the third and fourth feature vectors. ### Claim 20 (depends on 19) The system as recited in claim 19, further comprising a decision circuit that selects one of the estimated lower and upper frequencies and an associated estimated depending on whether a windowed sum squared of the output of the first filter is less or more than a windowed sum squared of the output of the second filter.