# US 11,444,603 B2 · Power control by direct drive > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 11,444,603 B2 - Document ID: US11444603B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 16/888,853 - Filed: 2020-06-01 - Published: 2022-01-27 - Granted: 2022-09-13 - Earliest claimed: 2016-04-01 - Applicants: King Kuen Hau - Inventors: King Kuen Hau - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11444603B2 ## CPC - H03K 3/012: Modifications of generator to improve response time or to decrease power consumption - H02M 1/08: Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters - H02M 3/06: using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider - H03K 5/00006: {Changing the frequency (modulating pulses H03K7/00; frequency dividers H03K21/00 - H03K29/00; additive or subtractive mixing of two pulse rates into one G06F7/605; pulse rate dividers G06F7/68)} - H03K 19/017509: {Interface arrangements} - G06G 7/163: using a variable impedance controlled by one of the input signals, variable amplification or transfer function {(G06G7/161, G06G7/162 take precedence)} - H02M 1/0012: {Control circuits using digital or numerical techniques (in DC/DC converters H02M3/157, H02M3/33515; in DC-AC converters H02M7/53873)} - H02M 1/0048: {Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses (using snubbers H02M1/34)} - H02M 1/342: {Active non-dissipative snubbers} - H02M 7/06: using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode - H03H 5/12: with at least one voltage- or current-dependent element - Y02B 70/10: Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes - H03K: PULSE TECHNIQUE (measuring pulse characteristics G01R; modulating sinusoidal oscillations with pulses H03C; transmission of digital information H04L; discriminator circuits detecting phase difference between two signals by counting or integrating cycles of oscillation H03D3/04; automatic control, starting, synchronisation or stabilisation of generators of electronic oscillations or pulses where the type of generator is irrelevant or unspecified H03L; coding, decoding or code conversion, in general H03M) - H02M: APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF (transformers H01F; dynamo-electric converters H02K47/00; controlling transformers, reactors or choke coils, control or regulation of electric motors, generators or dynamo-electric converters H02P) - G06G: ANALOGUE COMPUTERS (analogue optical computing devices G06E3/00) - H03H: IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS (waveguides, resonators, lines or other devices of the waveguide type H01P) - Y02B: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS ## Abstract A power control circuit comprising a power supply and a load, the load being synthesized from an impedance synthesizer comprising two-terminal impedance elements connected in series and grouped in impedance modules. The impedance elements in each impedance module are of equal value, while those between the modules bear ratios uniquely defined according to the numbers of impedance elements in the impedance modules. A number of switches associated with said impedance elements short out a selected number of the impedance elements under the control of a first analog signal which may be preprocessed by an analytic function. The analog signal is converted to digital signals by an analog-to-digital converter, then level shifted to control the switches associated with the impedance elements, whereby the amount of power delivered to the load is controllable by the first analog signal. Pulse-width-modulation is deployed to further control the power by a second analog signal, with additional benefit of overload protection. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A circuit adapted to perform an arithmetic operation, wherein the arithmetic operation is one of multiplication, division, square root and square, comprising: a three-terminal circuit element with a drive terminal, a control terminal, and a common terminal, wherein: the circuit element has a characteristic parameter selectable from either a characteristic impedance or a characteristic admittance between the drive and the common terminals, the selected characteristic impedance or admittance being made proportional to a variable control signal, the control signal being applied at the control terminal; the circuit element is coupled to receive a variable drive signal between the drive and the common terminals, the drive signal being selectable from either a variable voltage source or a variable current source, leading to a complementary current or voltage response of the circuit element; a measuring means to determine the current or voltage response of the circuit element to the selected drive signal, wherein the current or voltage response is a result of an arithmetic operation on the control signal and the drive signal, the arithmetic operation being predefined according to a selection between the characteristic impedance or admittance of the circuit element, and a selection between a variable voltage source or a variable current source of the drive signal. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The circuit of claim 1, wherein: a current source is selected to provide the drive signal; a characteristic impedance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a voltage response of the circuit element is measured proportional to a product of the drive and the control signals. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The circuit of claim 1, wherein: a voltage source is selected to provide the drive signal; a characteristic admittance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a current response of the circuit element is measured proportional to a product of the drive and the control signals. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The circuit of claim 1, wherein: a current source is selected to provide the drive signal; a characteristic admittance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a voltage response of the circuit element is measured proportional to a quotient of the drive signal over the control signal. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The circuit of claim 1, wherein: a voltage source is selected to provide the drive signal; a characteristic impedance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a current response of the circuit element is measured proportional to a quotient of the drive signal over the control signal. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The circuit of claim 1, wherein: a voltage source is selected to provide the drive signal; the control signal is the current response of the circuit element to the drive signal; a characteristic impedance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a current response of the circuit element is measured proportional to a square root of the drive signal. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The circuit of claim 1, wherein: a current source is selected to provide the drive signal; the control signal is the voltage response of the circuit element to the drive signal; a characteristic admittance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a voltage response of the circuit element is measured proportional to a square root of the drive signal. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The circuit of claim 1, wherein: a voltage source is selected to provide the drive signal; the control signal is the drive signal; a characteristic admittance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a current response of the circuit element is measured proportional to the square of the drive signal. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The circuit of claim 1, wherein: a current source is selected to provide the drive signal; the control signal is the drive signal; a characteristic impedance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a voltage response of the circuit element is measured proportional to the square of the drive signal. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) The circuit of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the circuit element comprises an analog-to-digital converter with an input and an output, said input being coupled to receive the control signal and said output being coupled to drive a plurality of controllable switches of a digital impedance or admittance synthesizer, wherein the synthesized impedance or admittance is that of the circuit element. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The circuit of claim 10, wherein the circuit element further comprises a function generator coupled to preprocess the control signal with a predetermined function prior input to the analog-to-digital converter. ### Claim 12 A method of arithmetic operation, wherein the arithmetic operation is one of multiplication, division, square root and square, comprising the steps of: constructing a three-terminal circuit element with a drive terminal, a control terminal, and a common terminal, wherein the circuit element has a characteristic parameter selectable from either a characteristic impedance or a characteristic admittance between the drive and the common terminals, the selected characteristic impedance or admittance being made proportional to a variable control signal; coupling a variable drive signal to the circuit element between the drive and the common terminals, the drive signal being selectable from either a variable voltage source or a variable current source, leading to a complementary current or voltage response of the circuit element; coupling the control signal to the control terminal; determining the current or voltage response of the circuit element to the selected drive signal, wherein the current or voltage response is a result of an arithmetic operation on the control signal and the drive signal, the arithmetic operation being predefined according to a selection between the characteristic impedance or admittance of the circuit element, and a selection between a variable voltage source or a variable current source of the drive signal. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, wherein: a current source is selected to provide the drive signal; a characteristic impedance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a voltage response of the circuit element is measured proportional to a product of the drive and the control signals. ### Claim 14 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, wherein: a voltage source is selected to provide the drive signal; a characteristic admittance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a current response of the circuit element is measured proportional to a product of the drive and the control signals. ### Claim 15 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, wherein: a current source is selected to provide the drive signal; a characteristic admittance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a voltage response of the circuit element is measured proportional to a quotient of the drive signal over the control signal. ### Claim 16 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, wherein: a voltage source is selected to provide the drive signal; a characteristic impedance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a current response of the circuit element is measured proportional to a quotient of the drive signal over the control signal. ### Claim 17 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, wherein: a voltage source is selected to provide the drive signal; the control signal is the current response of the circuit element to the drive signal; a characteristic impedance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a current response of the circuit element is measured proportional to a square root of the drive signal. ### Claim 18 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, wherein: a current source is selected to provide the drive signal; the control signal is the voltage response of the circuit element to the drive signal; a characteristic admittance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a voltage response of the circuit element is measured proportional to a square root of the drive signal. ### Claim 19 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, wherein: a voltage source is selected to provide the drive signal; the control signal is the drive signal; a characteristic admittance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a current response of the circuit element is measured proportional to the square of the drive signal. ### Claim 20 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, wherein: a current source is selected to provide the drive signal; the control signal is the drive signal; a characteristic impedance is selected for the circuit element; whereby a voltage response of the circuit element is measured proportional to the square of the drive signal. ### Claim 21 (depends on 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20) The method of any one of claims 12 to 20, wherein the circuit element comprises an analog-to-digital converter with an input and an output, said input being coupled to receive the control signal and said output being coupled to drive a plurality of controllable switches of a digital impedance or admittance synthesizer, wherein the synthesized impedance or admittance is that of the circuit element. ### Claim 22 (depends on 21) The method of claim 21, wherein the circuit element further comprises a function generator coupled to preprocess the control signal with a predetermined function prior input to the analog-to-digital converter. ### Claim 23 (depends on 8, 9) A power control circuit, comprising: a power supply a load coupled to the power supply, wherein the impedance of the load is controllable by an analog signal; a circuit of arithmetic operation of claim 8 or 9, wherein the drive signal is a voltage across the load, and the measured response of the circuit element is the analog signal; whereby the power transferred to the load is controlled constant. ### Claim 24 (depends on 19, 20) A method of power control, comprising the steps of: coupling a load to a power supply, wherein the impedance of the load is controllable by an analog signal; by the method of arithmetic operation of claim 19 or 20, converting a voltage across the load as the drive signal to the measured response of the circuit element as the analog signal; whereby the power transferred to the load is controlled constant.