# US 11,444,493 B2 · Techniques for detecting the presence of a foreign object on the surface of a wireless charging transmitter by measuring quality factor during a charging session > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 11,444,493 B2 - Document ID: US11444493B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 17/074,825 - Filed: 2020-10-20 - Published: 2022-04-21 - Granted: 2022-09-13 - Earliest claimed: 2020-10-20 - Assignees: Aptiv Technologies AG - Applicants: Aptiv Technologies Limited - Inventors: James R. Cook; Nicolas A. Carbone - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11444493B2 ## CPC - H02J 50/60: responsive to the presence of foreign objects, e.g. detection of living beings - H02J 7/06: using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices - H02J 50/10: using inductive coupling - H02J 50/402: {the two or more transmitting or the two or more receiving devices being integrated in the same unit, e.g. power mats with several coils or antennas with several sub-antennas} - H02J 50/90: involving detection or optimisation of position, e.g. alignment - H02J: ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY ## Abstract Inductive charging systems and methods detect a wireless device upon a charging surface of a wireless charging pad including a transmitter coil, determine a first quality factor of the transmitter coil and initiate a charging session, and during the charging session, periodically perform a foreign object detection (FOD) technique including adjusting an operating point of the transmitter coil according to a specific sequence of operating points that causes rectifier diodes between the receiver coil and a receiver load of the wireless device to be reverse biased to disconnect the receiver load from the receiver coil and then determining a second quality factor of the transmitter coil, and detecting whether a foreign object is present on the charging surface based on a comparison between the first and second quality factors. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An inductive charging system, comprising: a transmitter coil configured to, when active, inductively transfer power to a receiver coil of a wireless device, wherein the wireless device comprises rectifier diodes between the receiver coil and a receiver load; and a controller configured to: detect the wireless device upon a charging surface proximate to the transmitter coil; in response to detecting the wireless device, determine a first quality factor of the transmitter coil and initiate a charging session during which the transmitter coil is activated to inductively couple with the receiver coil and inductively transfer electrical energy thereto; and during the charging session, periodically perform a foreign object detection (FOD) technique comprising: adjusting an operating point of the transmitter coil according to a specific sequence of operating points that causes the rectifier diodes to be reverse biased to disconnect the receiver load from the receiver coil; in response to adjusting the operating point of the transmitter coil according to the specific sequence, determining a second quality factor of the transmitter coil; and detecting whether a foreign object is present on the charging surface based on a comparison between the first and second quality factors. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The inductive charging system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to detect that the foreign object is present when a difference between the first and second quality factors exceeds a threshold. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The inductive charging system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to begin the specific sequence of operating points of the transmitter coil by increasing the operating point of the transmitter coil from a normal level to a first level for a first period, which causes the wireless device to transmit back a control error packet (CEP). ### Claim 4 (depends on 3) The inductive charging system of claim 3, wherein the controller is configured to subsequently decrease the operating point of the transmitter coil from the first level to a second level for a second period. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The inductive charging system of claim 4, wherein a duration of the second period and the first level are determined such that the CEP is determined such that the wireless device does not indicate that power transfer contact has been broken. ### Claim 6 (depends on 4) The inductive charging system of claim 4, wherein the controller is configured to subsequently increase the operating point of the transmitter coil from the second level to the first level for a third period along with determining the second quality factor. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The inductive charging system of claim 6, wherein the controller is configured to subsequently decrease the operating point of the transmitter coil back to the normal level to complete the specific sequence of operating points of the transmitter coil. ### Claim 8 (depends on 2) The inductive charging system of claim 2, wherein the controller is further configured to, in response to detecting that the foreign object is present, terminate the charging session. ### Claim 9 An inductive charging method, comprising: providing a wireless charging pad comprising a transmitter coil configured to, when active, inductively transfer power to a receiver coil of a wireless device, wherein the wireless device comprises rectifier diodes between the receiver coil and a receiver load; detecting, by a controller of the wireless charging pad, the wireless device upon a charging surface proximate to the transmitter coil; in response to detecting the wireless device, determining, by the controller, a first quality factor of the transmitter coil and initiate a charging session during which the transmitter coil is activated to inductively couple with the receiver coil and inductively transfer electrical energy thereto; and during the charging session, periodically performing, by the controller, a foreign object detection (FOD) technique comprising: adjusting an operating point of the transmitter coil according to a specific sequence of operating points that causes the rectifier diodes to be reverse biased to disconnect the receiver load from the receiver coil; in response to adjusting the operating point of the transmitter coil according to the specific sequence, determining a second quality factor of the transmitter coil; and detecting whether a foreign object is present on the charging surface based on a comparison between the first and second quality factors. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The inductive charging method of claim 9, wherein the foreign object is detected to be present when a difference between the first and second quality factors exceeds a threshold. ### Claim 11 (depends on 9) The inductive charging method of claim 9, wherein the FOD technique comprises beginning the specific sequence of operating points of the transmitter coil by increasing the operating point of the transmitter coil from a normal level to a first level for a first period, which causes the wireless device to transmit back a control error packet (CEP). ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The inductive charging method of claim 11, wherein the FOD technique comprises subsequently decreasing the operating point of the transmitter coil from the first level to a second level for a second period. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The inductive charging method of claim 12, wherein a duration of the second period and the first level are determined such that the CEP is determined such that the wireless device does not indicate that power transfer contact has been broken. ### Claim 14 (depends on 12) The inductive charging method of claim 12, wherein the FOD technique comprises subsequently increasing the operating point of the transmitter coil from the second level to the first level for a third period along with determining the second quality factor. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) The inductive charging method of claim 14, wherein the FOD technique comprises subsequently decreasing the operating point of the transmitter coil back to the normal level to complete the specific sequence of operating points of the transmitter coil. ### Claim 16 (depends on 10) The inductive charging method of claim 10, further comprising in response to detecting that the foreign object is present, terminating, by the controller, the charging session. ### Claim 17 An induction charging system, comprising: a transmitter coil means for, when active, inductively transferring power to a receiver coil of a wireless device, wherein the wireless device comprises rectifier diodes between the receiver coil and a receiver load; and a controller means for: detecting the wireless device upon a charging surface proximate to the transmitter coil; in response to detecting the wireless device, determining a first quality factor of the transmitter coil and initiating a charging session during which the transmitter coil is activated to inductively couple with the receiver coil and inductively transfer electrical energy thereto; and during the charging session, periodically performing a foreign object detection (FOD) technique comprising: adjusting an operating point of the transmitter coil according to a specific sequence of operating points that causes the rectifier diodes to be reverse biased to disconnect the receiver load from the receiver coil; in response to adjusting the operating point of the transmitter coil according to the specific sequence, determining a second quality factor of the transmitter coil; and detecting whether a foreign object is present on the charging surface based on a comparison between the first and second quality factors. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The inductive charging system of claim 17, wherein the controller means detects that the foreign object is present when a difference between the first and second quality factors exceeds a threshold. ### Claim 19 (depends on 17) The inductive charging system of claim 17, wherein the controller means: increases the operating point of the transmitter coil from a normal level to a first level for a first period, which causes the wireless device to transmit back a control error packet (CEP); subsequently decreases the operating point of the transmitter coil from the first level to a second level for a second period, wherein a duration of the second period and the first level are determined such that the CEP is determined such that the wireless device does not indicate that power transfer contact has been broken; subsequently increases the operating point of the transmitter coil from the second level to the first level for a third period along with determining the second quality factor; and subsequently decrease the operating point of the transmitter coil back to the normal level to complete the specific sequence of operating points of the transmitter coil. ### Claim 20 (depends on 18) The inductive charging system of claim 18, wherein the controller means, in response to detecting that the foreign object is present, terminates the charging session.