# US 11,444,376 B2 · Systems and methods for calibrating arrays of dual-polarization antenna elements > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 11,444,376 B2 - Document ID: US11444376B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 16/894,048 - Filed: 2020-06-05 - Published: 2021-12-09 - Granted: 2022-09-13 - Earliest claimed: 2020-06-05 - Assignees: Analog Devices International Unlimited Com Pany - Applicants: Analog Devices International Unlimited Company - Inventors: Mohamed Ahmed Youssef Abdalla; Islam Eshrah; Ahmed Ibrahim; Ahmed Mehana - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11444376B2 ## CPC - H01Q 3/267: {Phased-array testing or checking devices} - H01Q 21/061: {Two dimensional planar arrays} - H01Q 21/08: the units being spaced along or adjacent to a rectilinear path {(waveguide fed H01Q21/0037)} - H04B 17/11: for calibration - H01Q: ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS (radiators or antennas for microwave heating H05B6/72) - H04B: TRANSMISSION ## Abstract Systems and methods for performing calibration of antenna arrays with dual-polarization antenna elements are disclosed. An example system includes an antenna array and a calibration circuitry. The antenna array includes a plurality of antenna cells arranged in K rows and L columns, each cell including a plurality of dual-polarization antenna elements. Antenna cells in columns 1 through Y form a first sub-array, while antenna cells in columns Y+1 through L form a second sub-array. The calibration circuitry is configured to perform calibration by individually calibrating each column of antenna cells of the first sub-array, calibrating different columns of antenna cells of the first sub-array with respect to one another, individually calibrating each column of antenna cells of the second sub-array, calibrating different columns of antenna cells of the second sub-array with respect to one another, and calibrating antenna elements of the first and second sub-arrays with respect to one another. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An antenna apparatus, comprising: an antenna array, comprising a plurality of antenna cells arranged in K rows and L columns, wherein: each antenna cell includes a plurality of antenna elements, each antenna element is a dual-polarization antenna element, antenna cells in columns 1 through Y are antenna cells of a first sub-array, Y is an integer equal to or greater than 2 and less than L, and antenna cells in columns Y+1 through L are antenna cells of a second sub-array; and a calibration circuitry, to: in a step 1, for each column of antenna cells of the first sub-array, calibrate antenna elements of the column of the antenna cells of the first sub-array with respect to one another, in a step 2, calibrate antenna elements of different columns of the antenna cells of the first sub-array with respect to one another using a plurality of calibration antenna elements other than the antenna elements of the antenna array, each calibration antenna element of the plurality of calibration antenna elements being equidistant to a respective pair of antenna elements of adjacent columns of the antenna cells of the first sub-array and being further away from other antenna elements of the adjacent columns than from the respective pair of antenna elements, in a step 3, for each column of antenna cells of the second sub-array, calibrate antenna elements of the column of the antenna cells of the second sub-array with respect to one another, in a step 4, calibrate antenna elements of different columns of the antenna cells of the second sub-array with respect to one another, and in a step 5, calibrate antenna elements of the first sub-array and antenna elements of the second sub-array with respect to one another, wherein the step 1 includes, for at least one column of the antenna cells of the first sub-array; calibrating antenna elements of a first odd row and a second odd row of the at least one column of the antenna cells of the first sub-array with respect to one another based on antenna elements of an even row of the antenna cells of the second sub-array that is between the first odd row and the second odd row of the at least one column of the antenna cells of the first sub-array, calibrating antenna elements of a first even row and a second even row of the at least one column of the antenna cells of the first sub-array with respect to one another based on antenna elements of an odd row of the antenna cells of the second sub-array that is between the first even row and the second even row of the at least one column of the antenna cells of the first sub-array, and calibrating antenna elements of the first odd row and the second even row of the at least one column of the antenna cells of the first sub-array with respect to one another based on antenna elements of two rows of the antenna cells of the second sub-array that are between the first odd row and the second even row of the at least one column of the antenna cells of the first sub-array. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The antenna apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the calibration circuitry is to perform the step 1 before performing the step 2, perform the step 2 before performing the step 3, perform the step 3 before performing the step 4, and perform the step 4 before performing the step 5. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The antenna apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the calibration circuitry is to perform the step 2 before performing the step 1, perform the step 1 before performing the step 4, perform the step 4 before performing the step 3, and perform the step 3 before performing the step 5. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The antenna apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the calibration circuitry is to perform the step 5 before performing the step 1, perform the step 1 before performing the step 2, perform the step 2 before performing the step 3, and perform the step 3 before performing the step 4. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The antenna apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the calibration circuitry is to perform the step 5 before performing the step 3, perform the step 3 before performing the step 4, perform the step 4 before performing the step 1, and perform the step 1 before performing the step 2. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The antenna apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of calibration antenna elements is along a side of the antenna array so that each calibration antenna element is substantially equidistant to a pair of adjacent antenna cells within a single row of the antenna cells that are closest to the each calibration antenna element, and wherein the step 2 includes: calibrating antenna elements of a first pair of adjacent antenna cells of the first sub-array with respect to one another based on a calibration antenna element of the plurality of calibration antenna elements; that is substantially equidistant to the first pair of adjacent antenna cells of the first sub-array. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The antenna apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the step 4 includes: calibrating antenna elements of a first pair of adjacent antenna cells of the second sub-array with respect to one another based on a calibration antenna element of the plurality of calibration antenna elements: that is substantially equidistant to the first pair of adjacent antenna cells of the second sub-array. ### Claim 8 (depends on 6) The antenna apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the step 5 includes: calibrating antenna elements of a first antenna cell of the first sub-array and a first antenna cell of the second sub-array with respect to one another based on a calibration antenna element; of the plurality of calibration antenna elements: that is substantially equidistant to the first antenna cell of the first sub-array and the first antenna cell of the second sub-array. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The antenna apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: each antenna cell is coupled to a respective beamformer, for each antenna cell of the first sub-array, the beamformer of the antenna cell of the first sub-array is coupled to each of an up and down converter (UDC) H1 and an UDC V1, and for each antenna cell of the second sub-array, the beamformer of the antenna cell of the second sub-array is coupled to each of an UDC H2 and an UDC V2. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The antenna apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of calibration antenna element is at a periphery of the antenna array. ### Claim 11 An antenna apparatus, comprising: an antenna array, comprising a plurality of antenna cells arranged in K rows and L columns, where: each antenna cell includes a plurality of antenna elements, each antenna element is a dual-polarization antenna element, antenna cells in columns 1 through Y are antenna cells of a first sub-array, Y is an integer equal to or greater than 2 and less than L, and antenna cells in columns Y+1 through L are antenna cells of a second sub-array; and a calibration circuitry, to: calibrate antenna elements of a first odd row and a second odd row of a column of antenna cells of the first sub-array with respect to one another based on antenna elements of an even row of the antenna cells of the second sub-array that is between the first odd row and the second odd row of the column of the antenna cells of the first sub-array, calibrate antenna elements of a first even row and a second even row of the column of the antenna cells of the first sub-array with respect to one another based on antenna elements of an odd row of the antenna cells of the second sub-array that is between the first even row and the second even row of the column of the antenna cells of the first sub-array, and calibrate antenna elements of the first odd row and the second even row of the column of the antenna cells of the first sub-array with respect to one another based on antenna elements of two rows of the antenna cells of the second sub-array that is between the first odd row and the second even row of the column of the antenna cells of the first sub-array. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The antenna apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the calibration circuitry is further to: calibrate antenna elements of different columns of the antenna cells of the first sub-array with respect to one another, for each column of the antenna cells of the second sub-array, calibrate antenna elements of the column of the antenna cells of the second sub-array with respect to one another, calibrate antenna elements of different columns of the antenna cells of the second sub-array with respect to one another, and calibrate antenna elements of the first sub-array and antenna elements of the second sub-array with respect to one another. ### Claim 13 (depends on 11) The antenna apparatus according to claim 11, wherein each antenna cell is coupled to a respective beamformer. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) The antenna apparatus according to claim 13, wherein: for each antenna cell of the first sub-array, the beamformer of the antenna cell of the first sub-array is coupled to each of an up and down converter (UDC) H1 and an UDC V1, and for each antenna cell of the second sub-array, the beamformer of the antenna cell of the second sub-array is coupled to each of an UDC H2 and an UDC V2. ### Claim 15 (depends on 11) The antenna apparatus according to claim 11, wherein a plurality of calibration antenna elements is at a periphery of the antenna array. ### Claim 16 An antenna apparatus, comprising: an antenna array, comprising a plurality of antenna cells arranged in K rows and L columns, wherein: each antenna cell includes a plurality of antenna elements, each antenna element is a dual-polarization antenna element, antenna cells in columns 1 through Y are antenna cells of a first sub-array, Y is an integer equal to or greater than 2 and less than L, and antenna cells in columns Y+1 through L are antenna cells of a second sub-array; and a calibration circuitry, to: in a step 1, for each column of antenna cells of the first sub-array, calibrate antenna elements of the column of the antenna cells of the first sub-array with respect to one another, in a step 2, calibrate antenna elements of different columns of the antenna cells of the first sub-array with respect to one another using a plurality of calibration antenna elements other than the antenna elements of the antenna array, each calibration antenna element of the plurality of calibration antenna elements being equidistant to a respective pair of antenna elements of adjacent columns of the antenna cells of the first sub-array and being further away from other antenna elements of the adjacent columns than from the respective pair of antenna elements, in a step 3, for each column of antenna cells of the second sub-array, calibrate antenna elements of the column of the antenna cells of the second sub-array with respect to one another, in a step 4, calibrate antenna elements of different columns of the antenna cells of the second sub-array with respect to one another, and in a step 5, calibrate antenna elements of the first sub-array and antenna elements of the second sub-array with respect to one another, wherein the step 3 includes, for at least one column of the antenna cells of the second sub-array: calibrating antenna elements of a first odd row and a second odd row of the at least one column of the antenna cells of the second sub-array with respect to one another based on antenna elements of an even row of the antenna cells of the first sub-array that is between the first odd row and the second odd row of the at least one column of the antenna cells of the second sub-array, calibrating antenna elements of a first even row and a second even row of the at least one column of the antenna cells of the second sub-array with respect to one another based on antenna elements of an odd row of the antenna cells of the first sub-array that is between the first even row and the second even row of the at least one column of the antenna cells of the second sub-array, and calibrating antenna elements of the first odd row and the second even row of the at least one column of the antenna cells of the second sub-array with respect to one another based on antenna elements of two rows of the antenna cells of the first sub-array that is between the first odd row and the second even row of the at least one column of the antenna cells of the second sub-array. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The antenna apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the calibration circuitry is to perform the step 1 before performing the step 2, perform the step 2 before performing the step 3, perform the step 3 before performing the step 4, and perform the step 4 before performing the step 5. ### Claim 18 (depends on 16) The antenna apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the calibration circuitry is to perform the step 2 before performing the step 1, perform the step 1 before performing the step 4, perform the step 4 before performing the step 3, and perform the step 3 before performing the step 5. ### Claim 19 (depends on 16) The antenna apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the calibration circuitry is to perform the step 5 before performing the step 1, perform the step 1 before performing the step 2, perform the step 2 before performing the step 3, and perform the step 3 before performing the step 4. ### Claim 20 (depends on 16) The antenna apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the calibration circuitry is to perform the step 5 before performing the step 3, perform the step 3 before performing the step 4, perform the step 4 before performing the step 1, and perform the step 1 before performing the step 2.