# US 11,442,163 B2 · Device and method for an aircraft bird congestion indicator system > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 11,442,163 B2 - Document ID: US11442163B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 17/191,391 - Filed: 2021-03-03 - Published: 2021-06-24 - Granted: 2022-09-13 - Earliest claimed: 2018-08-22 - Assignees: Accipiter Radar Technologies Inc. - Applicants: Accipiter Radar Technologies Inc. - Inventors: Timothy J. Nohara; Peter T. Weber; Graeme S. Jones; Ilia Choly; Robert Fraser - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11442163B2 ## CPC - B64F 1/18: Visual or acoustic landing aids - G01S 13/933: of aircraft or spacecraft - B64D 45/00: Aircraft indicators or protectors not otherwise provided for - G01S 13/003: {Bistatic radar systems; Multistatic radar systems} - G01S 13/726: {Multiple target tracking} - B64D 2045/0095: {Devices specially adapted to avoid bird strike} - G01S 7/412: {based on a comparison between measured values and known or stored values} - G01S 13/87: Combinations of radar systems, e.g. primary radar and secondary radar - B64F: GROUND OR AIRCRAFT-CARRIER-DECK INSTALLATIONS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH AIRCRAFT; DESIGNING, MANUFACTURING, ASSEMBLING, CLEANING, MAINTAINING OR REPAIRING AIRCRAFT, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; HANDLING, TRANSPORTING, TESTING OR INSPECTING AIRCRAFT COMPONENTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR - G01S: RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES - B64D: EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT ## Abstract A real-time aircraft bird congestion indicator system for measuring congestion in an airspace between aircraft and birds uses one or more radars to continuously survey an airspace around an airport or aerodrome and continuously generate aircraft tracks and bird tracks in the airspace. A congestion processor connected to the radar(s) receives the aircraft and bird tracks and processes them to periodically generate a congestion indicator that measures the congestion in the airspace. A display processor connected to the congestion processor receives the congestion indicator which is updated periodically by the congestion processor and displays the congestion indicator to a user, generates an alert if the congestion indicator falls outside set operating limits, and/or sends the congestion indicator or alert to another system. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method for providing bird-aircraft strike risk information to airport stakeholders including pilots, comprising: operating one or more radars to continuously survey a predetermined airspace throughout an entirety thereof and continuously generate bird tracks and aircraft tracks of birds and any number of aircraft in said predetermined airspace; operating a congestion processor to receive said aircraft tracks and said bird tracks from said one or more radars and process them to periodically generate a risk matrix that indicates or indexes bird-aircraft strike risk separately in each of a multiplicity of cells or subspaces in said predetermined airspace; and communicating bird-aircraft strike risk in one or more of said cells or subspaces, pursuant to said risk matrix, to one or more users in said predetermined airspace. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method in claim 1 wherein the operating of said one or more radars includes operating at least one avian radar and at least one air traffic control radar. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of said one or more radars is an Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system which generates said aircraft tracks. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of said one or more radars is a 3D avian radar. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The method of claim 4 where the operating of said one or more radars includes operating said 3D avian radar to generate two channels of track data, one of said two channels including said bird tracks and only said bird tracks, the other of the said two channels including said aircraft tracks and only said aircraft tracks. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 where said aircraft tracks and said bird tracks are located in the said airspace in 3D, with each of said tracks specified respectively with coordinates {x, y, z, t} where x, y and z define a Cartesian coordinate system and t represents the current time. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the operating of said congestion processor includes operating said congestion processor to calculate an updated value for said risk matrix at least once every few minutes based on most recently received aircraft tracks and bird tracks. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The method of claim 7 wherein the most recently received aircraft tracks and bird tracks for use by said congestion processor in calculating said updated value span respectively a duration in the tens of minutes, with respective updates to said aircraft tracks and bird tracks received from said one or more radars at least once every few seconds. ### Claim 9 (depends on 7) The method of claim 7, further comprising operating said congestion processor to periodically calculate a congestion indicator that measures congestion in said predetermined airspace taken as a whole, wherein the congestion indicator calculation includes summing, over the predetermined airspace, the cell-wise bird-aircraft strike risk. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the operating of said congestion processor to periodically generate said risk matrix includes computing, for each given cell or subspace of the predetermined airspace, a sum of products of (i) the aircraft density of that given cell or subspace, (ii) the bird density of each of the other cells or subspaces, and (iii) a proximity function that is inversely proportional to the separation or distance between the given cell and the respective other cells in the predetermined airspace. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the operating of said congestion processor to periodically generate said risk matrix includes computing, for each given cell or subspace of the entire aerodrome space, a sum of products of (i) the bird density of the given cell or subspace, (ii) the aircraft density of each of the other cells or subspaces, and (iii) a proximity function that is inversely proportional to the separation or distance between the given cell and the respective other cells in the predetermined airspace. ### Claim 12 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the communicating of bird-aircraft strike risk in one or more of said cells or subspaces, pursuant to said risk matrix, to one or more users in said predetermined airspace is undertaken in real-time. ### Claim 13 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, further comprising periodically organizing and storing said risk matrix, the communicating of bird-aircraft strike risk in one or more of said cells or subspaces, pursuant to said risk matrix, to one or more users in said predetermined airspace being undertaken as historical data mining or access at a time subsequent to the organizing and storing. ### Claim 14 A real-time aircraft bird congestion indicator system for providing bird-aircraft strike risk information to airport stakeholders including pilots, comprising: one or more radars configured to continuously survey a predetermined airspace throughout an entirety thereof and continuously generate bird tracks and aircraft tracks of birds and any number of aircraft in said airspace; and a congestion processor operatively connected to said one or more radars, said congestion processor being configured to receive said aircraft tracks and said bird tracks and process them together to periodically determine for each cell of a preselected multiplicity of cells or subspaces of said predetermined airspace a respective aircraft density and a respective bird density, collectively constituting an aircraft density function and a bird density function respectively over or across said predetermined airspace, and to generate a risk matrix that identifies aircraft bird strike risk in each of said cells or subspaces of said predetermined airspace separately, wherein said congestion processor includes a risk correlator configured to calculate said risk matrix by multiplying densities of all possible cell-pairs of the aircraft density function and the bird density function and multiplying these products by a proximity function that is inversely proportional to the respective cell-to-cell separation in the airspace. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) The system of claim 14 wherein said one or more radars include at least one avian radar and one air traffic control radar. ### Claim 16 (depends on 14) The system of claim 14 wherein at least one of said one or more radars is an Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) system which generates said aircraft tracks. ### Claim 17 (depends on 14) The system of claim 14 wherein at least one of said radars is a 3D avian radar. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The system of claim 17 where said 3D avian radar is configured to generate two channels of track data, one of said channels configured to generate said bird tracks and the second channel configured to generate said aircraft tracks. ### Claim 19 (depends on 14) The system of claim 14 where said aircraft tracks and said bird tracks are located in the said airspace in 3D, with each of said tracks specified respectively with coordinates {x, y, z, t} where x, y and z define a Cartesian coordinate system and t represents the current time. ### Claim 20 (depends on 14) The system of claim 14 wherein said risk matrix is generated at least once every few minutes and calculated based on the most recently received aircraft tracks and bird tracks which span respectively a duration in the tens of minutes, with respective updates to said aircraft tracks and bird tracks received from said radars at least once every few seconds. ### Claim 21 (depends on 14) The system of claim 14 wherein said congestion processor includes a summer operatively connected to said risk correlator to periodically calculate a congestion indicator that measures congestion in said predetermined airspace taken as a whole, wherein the summer is configured to add, over the predetermined airspace, the cell-wise bird-aircraft strike risk. ### Claim 22 A method for measuring congestion between aircraft and birds in a predetermined airspace in real-time to provide bird-aircraft strike risk information to airport stakeholders including pilots, comprising: operating one or more radars to continuously survey said predetermined airspace throughout an entirety thereof and continuously generate bird tracks of birds in said predetermined airspace and aircraft tracks of any number of aircraft in said predetermined airspace; operating a congestion processor to receive said aircraft tracks and said bird tracks from said one or more radars and to process them to periodically generate a risk matrix that measures bird-aircraft strike risk separately in each of a multiplicity of cells of said predetermined airspace; and periodically storing the risk matrix to build a historical database accessible for understanding bird-aircraft strike probabilities in said predetermined airspace in accordance with time. ### Claim 23 (depends on 22) The method of claim 22, further comprising operating the congestion processor to periodically sum the bird-aircraft strike risk over all the cells of said predetermined airspace to generate a congestion indicator for the entirety of said predetermined airspace, also comprising storing periodically storing the congestion indicator in the historical database. ### Claim 24 (depends on 22) The method of claim 22 wherein the operating of said congestion processor to generate said risk matrix includes calculating for each of said cells a product of an aircraft density function and a bird density function, selectively using said aircraft tracks and said bird tracks, and further multiplied by a proximity function that is inversely proportional to cell-wise separation in the airspace. ### Claim 25 (depends on 22) The method of claim 22 wherein the operating of said congestion processor to periodically generate said risk matrix includes computing, for each given cell or subspace of the predetermined airspace, a sum of products of (i) the aircraft density of that given cell or subspace, (ii) the bird density of each of the other cells or subspaces, and (iii) a proximity function that is inversely proportional to the separation or distance between the given cell and the respective other cells in the predetermined airspace. ### Claim 26 (depends on 22) The method of claim 22 wherein the operating of said congestion processor to periodically generate said risk matrix includes computing, for each given cell or subspace of the entire aerodrome space, a sum of products of (i) the bird density of the given cell or subspace, (ii) the aircraft density of each of the other cells or subspaces, and (iii) a proximity function that is inversely proportional to the separation or distance between the given cell and the respective other cells in the predetermined airspace.