# US 11,441,984 B2 · System and method for determining characteristics of a crack > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 11,441,984 B2 - Document ID: US11441984B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 16/700,184 - Filed: 2019-12-02 - Published: 2020-06-04 - Granted: 2022-09-13 - Earliest claimed: 2018-11-30 - Assignees: Electricite de France - Applicants: Electricite De France - Inventors: Kyrylo Kazymyrenko; David Haboussa - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11441984B2 ## CPC - G01N 3/32: by applying repeated or pulsating forces - G01N 3/34: generated by mechanical means, e.g. hammer blows - G01B 5/30: for measuring the deformation in a solid, e.g. mechanical strain gauge - G01M 5/0025: {of elongated objects, e.g. pipes, masts, towers or railways (G01M5/0058 takes precedence)} - G01M 5/0033: {by determining damage, crack or wear} - G01N 3/06: Special adaptations of indicating or recording means - G01N 27/90: using eddy currents - G01N 29/043: {in the interior, e.g. by shear waves} - G01N 2203/0017: Tensile - G01N 2203/0019: Compressive - G01N 2203/0062: Crack or flaws - G01N 2203/0066: Propagation of crack - G01N 2203/0208: Specific programs of loading, e.g. incremental loading or pre-loading - G01N 2203/0218: Calculations based on experimental data - G01N 2291/0289: Internal structure, e.g. defects, grain size, texture - G01N 2291/044: Internal reflections (echoes), e.g. on walls or defects - G01N 2291/048: Transmission, i.e. analysed material between transmitter and receiver - G01N: INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (measuring or testing apparatus or processes other than immunoassay, involving enzymes or microorganisms C12M, C12Q) - G01B: MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS - G01M: TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR ## Abstract A method for determining characteristics of a crack detected in a material, comprising: determining initial mechanical loads applied to the material, applying a plurality of crack-opening mechanical loads to the material, each opening mechanical load being a linear combination of the initial mechanical loads, and measuring the relative displacement of the first point with respect to the second point induced by each opening mechanical load, applying a plurality of crack-closing mechanical loads to the material, each closing mechanical load being a linear combination of the initial mechanical loads, and measuring the relative displacement of the first point with respect to the second point induced by each closing mechanical load, and estimating the direction of the crack as a function of the amplitude of each opening and closing mechanical load applied to the material and of the measured relative displacements. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method for determining characteristics of a crack in a material, the presence of the crack being detected beforehand in an area of presence of the material by using a non-destructive process, the method comprising: determining at least two initial mechanical loads applied to the material, each mechanical load being defined by a vector field of known amplitude, applying a plurality of crack-opening mechanical loads to the material, each opening mechanical load being a linear combination of the at least two initial mechanical loads, measuring, using at least one measuring instrument, a relative displacement of a first point with respect to a second point induced by each opening mechanical load, the first and second points being located in the area of presence of the crack, each measuring instrument being associated with a pair of first and second points, applying a plurality of crack-closing mechanical loads to the material, each closing mechanical load being a linear combination of the at least two initial mechanical loads, measuring, using each measuring instrument, the relative displacement of the first point with respect to the second point induced by each closing mechanical load, and estimating a direction of the crack in a predefined plane, by computer means, as a function of the amplitude of each opening and closing mechanical load applied to the material and of the relative displacements measured by the measuring instrument(s). ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein at least one measuring instrument is an extensometer. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1, wherein the opening and closing mechanical loads applied to the material are of small amplitude, thus mechanical loads ensuring the material to keep an elastic and linear mechanism behavior. ### Claim 4 (depends on 3) The method of claim 3, wherein weighting coefficients for the linear combination of the at least two initial mechanical loads are real numbers between −1 and 1. ### Claim 5 (depends on 3) The method of claim 3, wherein the measurement of the relative displacement of a first point with respect to a second point comprises measuring the relative displacement of the first point with respect to the second point in a first direction and measuring the relative displacement of the first point relative to the second point in a second direction, said second direction being orthogonal to the first direction. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The method of claim 5, further comprising a determination, for each pair of first and second points, of an opening surface representing the amplitude of the opening mechanical load applied to the material as a function of the relative displacement of the first point with respect to the second point in the first direction and of the relative displacement of the first point with respect to the second point in the second direction in a coordinate system, where x is the displacement in the first direction, y is the displacement in the second direction, and z is the amplitude of the opening mechanical load applied to the material. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The method of claim 6, wherein the opening surface is similar to a cone of revolution truncated along a plane orthogonal to a base of the cone and comprising a vertex of the cone. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The method of claim 7, further comprising a determination, for each pair of first and second points, of a closing surface representing the amplitude of the closing mechanical load applied to the material as a function of the relative displacement of the first point with respect to the second point in the first direction and of the relative displacement of the first point with respect to the second point in the second direction in a coordinate system, where x is the displacement in the first direction, y is the displacement in the second direction, and z is the amplitude of the load applied to the material, wherein the determination of the direction of the crack comprises: determining a line of intersection of the truncation plane of the cone of revolution corresponding to the opening surface and the plane corresponding to the closing surface, determining an orthogonal projection of the line of intersection on plane and an angle characterizing the direction of a projected line obtained, said angle corresponding to the angle formed by the projected line obtained and by the axis corresponding to the relative displacement along the axis x or the axis corresponding to the relative displacement along axis y. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The method of claim 8, wherein the crack is a surface crack having an opening at a boundary between an interior and an exterior of the material and wherein a single measuring instrument is installed to measure the relative displacement of a first point with respect to a second point, the first and second points being located one on each side of the crack at a level of the opening, the angle characterizing the direction of the projected line corresponding to the direction of the crack. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The method of claim 9, wherein a length of the crack corresponding to the distance between the opening and a tip of the crack is determined using a non-destructive process, the method further comprising the determination of the tip of the crack as a function of the direction and length of the crack. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10, further comprising a prediction of the propagation of the crack, using the direction, the position of the tip or tips of the crack, and a model of linear elastic fracture mechanics, in order to evaluate its harmfulness. ### Claim 12 (depends on 8) The method of claim 8, wherein the crack is an embedded crack and wherein a plurality of measuring instruments is installed, the method further comprising a generation of a histogram of angle values obtained for each pair of first and second points, the direction of the crack being determined on the basis of the histogram. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, wherein the direction of the crack corresponds to the angle of a local maximum of the histogram, the local maximum being the furthest from 0°. ### Claim 14 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, further comprising the determination of the respective positions of the tips of the crack, the determination comprising: plotting a curve representing, along the direction of the crack, the angle obtained for each pair of first and second points located one on each side of the crack, determining, based on the angle corresponding to the direction of the crack, a plateau in the plotted curve, such that the two pairs of first and second points marking two ends of the plateau respectively correspond to the tips of the crack. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) The method of claim 14, further comprising a prediction of the propagation of the crack, using the direction, the position of the tip or tips of the crack, and a model of linear elastic fracture mechanics, in order to evaluate its harmfulness. ### Claim 16 (depends on 5) The method of claim 5, further comprising a determination, for each pair of first and second points, of a closing surface representing the amplitude of the closing mechanical load applied to the material as a function of the relative displacement of the first point with respect to the second point in the first direction and of the relative displacement of the first point with respect to the second point in the second direction in a coordinate system, where x is the displacement in the first direction, y is the displacement in the second direction, and z is the amplitude of the closing mechanical load applied to the material. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The method of claim 16, wherein the closing surface is similar to a plane. ### Claim 18 (depends on 1) A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a code of a computer program comprising instructions for implementing the method of claim 1, when the instructions are executed by at least one processor. ### Claim 19 A system for determining characteristics of a crack in a material, a presence of the crack having been detected beforehand in an area of presence of the material by means of a non-destructive process, the system comprising: a diagnostic module for the material, arranged to determine at least two initial mechanical loads applied to the material, each mechanical load being defined by a vector field of known amplitude, a device for applying mechanical loads, arranged for: applying a plurality of crack-opening mechanical loads to the material, each opening mechanical load being a linear combination of the at least two initial mechanical loads, applying a plurality of crack-closing mechanical loads to the material, each closing mechanical load being a linear combination of the at least two initial mechanical loads, at least one measuring instrument arranged to measure a relative displacement of a first point with respect to a second point induced by each opening load and by each closing load, the first and second points being located in the area of presence of the crack, each measuring instrument being associated with a pair of first and second points, and a processing unit arranged to estimate a direction of the crack in a predefined plane as a function of the amplitude of each opening and closing mechanical load applied to the material and of the relative displacements measured by the measuring instrument(s).