Seismic surveys using two-way virtual source redatuming

A system comprising:

• one or more processors;
• and
• one or more non-transitory computer-readable media including one or more sequences of instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, causes:
• generating first seismic energy using one or more first seismic sources positioned on an earth's surface;
• obtaining first data from one or more first geophones positioned at a first depth below the earth's surface, the first data comprising measurements of the first seismic energy by the one or more first geophones;
• obtaining, by a computer device, second data from one or more second geophones positioned on the earth's surface, the second data comprising measurements of the first seismic energy by the one or more second geophones;
• generating second seismic energy using one or more second seismic sources positioned on an earth's surface and proximal to the one or more second geophones, wherein a gap region having an absence of seismic sources is positioned between the one or more first seismic sources and the one or more second seismic sources;
• obtaining, by the computer device, third data from the one or more third geophones positioned at the first depth below the earth's surface, the third data comprising measurements of the second seismic energy by the one or more third geophones;
• estimating, by the computer device based on the first data, the second data, and the third data, a propagation of the first seismic energy along a first path, the first path extending from the one or more first geophones to a target positioned at a second depth below the earth's surface and to the one or more third geophones, wherein the second depth is greater than the first depth;
• interpolating, by the computer device, the first data and the third data to obtain interpolated data, wherein the interpolated data represents a simulated generation of seismic energy by one or more virtual seismic sources positioned in the gap region at the first depth below the earth's surface;
• and
• determining, by the computer device, one or more characteristics of the target based on the estimated propagation of the first seismic energy along the first path.

A non-transitory computer-readable medium including one or more sequences of instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, causes:

• generating first seismic energy using one or more first seismic sources positioned on an earth's surface;
• obtaining first data from one or more first geophones positioned at a first depth below the earth's surface, the first data comprising measurements of the first seismic energy by the one or more first geophones;
• obtaining, by a computer device, second data from one or more second geophones positioned on the earth's surface, the second data comprising measurements of the first seismic energy by the one or more second geophones;
• generating second seismic energy using one or more second seismic sources positioned on an earth's surface and proximal to the one or more second geophones, wherein a gap region having an absence of seismic sources is positioned between the one or more first seismic sources and the one or more second seismic sources;
• obtaining, by the computer device, third data from the one or more third geophones positioned at the first depth below the earth's surface, the third data comprising measurements of the second seismic energy by the one or more third geophones;
• estimating, by the computer device based on the first data, the second data, and the third data, a propagation of the first seismic energy along a first path, the first path extending from the one or more first geophones to a target positioned at a second depth below the earth's surface and to the one or more third geophones, wherein the second depth is greater than the first depth;
• interpolating, by the computer device, the first data and the third data to obtain interpolated data, wherein the interpolated data represents a simulated generation of seismic energy by one or more virtual seismic sources positioned in the gap region at the first depth below the earth's surface;
• and
• determining, by the computer device, one or more characteristics of the target based on the estimated propagation of the first seismic energy along the first path.