Methods and compositions for treating diabetes

An oral pharmaceutical composition, comprising a combination of i) a first oil-based liquid formulation, said first oil-based liquid formulation comprising an insulin, a protease inhibitor, and a chelator of divalent cations;

• and ii) a second oil-based liquid formulation, said second oil-based liquid formulation comprising exenatide, a protease inhibitor, and a chelator of divalent cations, wherein each of said first oil-based liquid formulation and said second oil-based liquid formulation is surrounded by a coating that resists degradation in the stomach,
• wherein said insulin is present in an amount of between 6-14 milligrams inclusive and said exenatide is present in an amount of between 100-500 micrograms inclusive for an adult patient or a corresponding amount per body weight for a pediatric patient, and
• wherein administration of the composition to a subject prior to caloric ingestion lengthens the time that the subject's blood sugar is lowered, after caloric ingestion, to a level that is lower than the level that results if the subject was administered a control composition that is the same except that it lacks the insulin, the exenatide, or both.