Electrical-optical modulator

An electrical-optical modulator, comprising:

• a first section configured for a first electrical-optical interaction between one or more optical waveguides and one or more signal electrodes;
• a second section configured to increase or decrease a relative velocity of signals of the one or more signal electrodes to optical signals of the one or more optical waveguides relative to the first section;
• and
• a third section configured for a second electrical-optical interaction between the one or more optical waveguides and the one or more signal electrodes according to an opposite modulation polarity relative to the first section,
• the one or more signal electrodes including a first signal electrode and a second signal electrode, and the one or more optical waveguides including a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide,
• the first signal electrode including, in the first section, first loading lines to interact with the first optical waveguide,
• the first signal electrode including, in the third section, second loading lines that cross the first optical waveguide to interact with the second optical waveguide,
• the second signal electrode including, in the first section, third loading lines to interact with the second optical waveguide,
• the second signal electrode including, in the third section, fourth loading lines that cross the second optical waveguide to interact with the first optical waveguide, and
• the first section, the second section, and the third section being collectively configured to tailor a shape of an electrical-optical frequency response to target a particular frequency response bandwidth or shape.

An electrical-optical modulator, comprising:

• one or more velocity change sections including a first signal electrode, a second signal electrode, a first optical waveguide, and a second optical waveguide;
• and
• one or more modulation polarity reversal sections including the first signal electrode, the second signal electrode, the first optical waveguide, and the second optical waveguide,
• the first signal electrode including, in a first modulation polarity reversal section of the one or more modulation polarity reversal sections, first loading lines to interact with the first optical waveguide,
• the first signal electrode including, in a second modulation polarity reversal section of the one or more modulation polarity reversal sections, second loading lines that cross the first optical waveguide to interact with the second optical waveguide,
• the second signal electrode including, in the first modulation polarity reversal section, third loading lines to interact with the second optical waveguide,
• the second signal electrode including, in the second modulation polarity reversal section, fourth loading lines that cross the second optical waveguide to interact with the first optical waveguide,
• the one or more velocity change sections being located between the first modulation polarity reversal section and the second modulation polarity reversal section,
• the electrical-optical modulator having a frequency response characterized by a modulation bandwidth above a threshold value, and
• the electrical-optical modulator being configured to tailor a shape of the frequency response to target a particular frequency response bandwidth or shape.