Non-invasive transdermal sampling and analysis device incorporating an electrochemical bioassay

A method for using a transdermal sampling and analysis device to detect a target analyte in a biological sample, the method comprising:

• providing a localized heat capable of altering permeability characteristics of a stratum corneum layer of skin of an organism, wherein the localized heat is generated by at least one disruptor mounted on a substrate of the transdermal sampling and analysis device;
• collecting and containing a biological sample within a reservoir of the transdermal sampling and analysis device;
• and
• determining levels of the target analyte in the biological sample using an electrochemical bioassay, wherein the electrochemical bioassay comprises:
• a first small molecule binding element bound to a surface of at least one electrode of the transdermal sampling and analysis device;
• at least one barrier layer covering a remainder of the surface such that the entire surface is either occupied by a bound first small molecule binding element or covered by the barrier layer, wherein the at least one barrier layer comprises an alginate;
• and
• a second small molecule binding element linked to an enzyme, wherein the second small molecule binding element, the linked enzyme, and at least one substrate of the linked enzyme are suspended in a hydrogel on top of the at least one electrode.