Aligned film and method for producing the same

An aligned film having first and second faces opposed to each other, the aligned film comprising:

• (a) a base material having a surface;
• (b) a layered material on the surface of the base material, the layered material comprising a plurality of layers aligned non-parallel to the first and second faces and between the first and second faces, and the plurality of layers of the layered material are in contact with the surface of the base material on at least one edge portion of the plurality of layers, each layer having a crystal lattice represented by:
• Mn+1Xn
• wherein M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7,
• X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof,
• n is 1, 2, or 3,
• each X is positioned within an octahedral array of M, and
• at least one of two opposing surfaces of said each layer has at least one modifier or terminal selected from a hydroxy group, a fluorine atom, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom;
• and
• (b) magnetic nanoparticles carried on a layer surface and/or between two adjacent layers of the plurality of layers,
• wherein the plurality of layers are aligned at an angle of not more than 80 degrees with respect to a perpendicular direction between at least one of the first and second faces.