# US 11,309,972 B2 · Optical communication system employing a multidimensional constellation with an increased minimum distance > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 11,309,972 B2 - Document ID: US11309972B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 17/025,353 - Filed: 2020-09-18 - Published: 2021-03-25 - Granted: 2022-04-19 - Earliest claimed: 2019-09-20 - Assignees: Nokia Solutions and Networks Oy - Applicants: Nokia Solutions and Networks OY - Inventors: Juan Ignacio Bonetti; Rene-Jean Essiambre; Muralidharan Kodialam - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11309972B2 ## CPC - H04B 10/5161: {Combination of different modulation schemes} - H04B 10/5561: {Digital phase modulation} - H04B 10/25: Arrangements specific to fibre transmission - H04B 10/564: Power control - H04B 10/613: {including phase diversity, e.g., having in-phase and quadrature branches, as in QPSK coherent receivers} - H04J 14/06: Polarisation multiplex systems - H04B: TRANSMISSION - H04J: MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION (transmission in general H04B; peculiar to transmission of digital information H04L5/00; systems for the simultaneous or sequential transmission of more than one television signal H04N7/08; in exchanges H04Q11/00; stereophonic systems H04S) ## Abstract A machine-implemented method of constructing multidimensional constellations having increased minimum distances between the constellation symbols thereof compared to those of comparable conventional constellations, e.g., QPSK and QAM constellations. An example multidimensional constellation so constructed may have eight or more dimensions and may be mapped onto degrees of freedom selected from, e.g., time, space, wavelength, polarization, and the in-phase and quadrature-phase components, of the optical field. The disclosed method is beneficially used to generate multidimensional modulation formats characterized by constant total optical transmit power per modulation time slot and/or applicable to the transmission of multidimensional constellation symbols having separate parts thereof primarily carried by different respective guided modes of the optical fiber. Example methods and apparatus for implementing such multidimensional modulation formats are also disclosed herein. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An apparatus, comprising an optical data transmitter including: first and second in-phase and quadrature-phase (IQ) optical modulators; an optical combiner connected to polarization-multiplex output light of the first and second IQ optical modulators; and an electronic controller configured to cause the first IQ optical modulator to modulate first parts of multidimensional constellation symbols onto an optical carrier and to cause the second IQ optical modulator to modulate separate second parts of the multidimensional constellation symbols onto the optical carrier to cause the optical combiner to output about a same total optical power in each of modulation time slots, the first and second parts of each of the multidimensional constellation symbols spanning three or more consecutive ones of the modulation time slots; wherein paired in-phase and quadrature coordinates of each of the first and second parts of the multidimensional constellation symbols have values corresponding to first and second circles in a corresponding complex plane; and wherein the electronic controller is configured to cause at least one of the first and second IQ optical modulators to modulate different sets of the paired in-phase and quadrature coordinates in said consecutive ones of the modulation time slots of each multidimensional constellation symbol. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electronic controller is configured to cause both of the first and second IQ optical modulators to modulate different sets of the paired in-phase and quadrature coordinates in said consecutive ones of the modulation time slots of each multidimensional constellation symbol. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electronic controller is configured to cause, at least, one of the first and second IQ optical modulators to modulate sets of the paired in-phase and quadrature coordinates characterized by different directions from a center of the corresponding complex plane in said consecutive ones of the modulation time slots of each multidimensional constellation symbol. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein radii of the first and second circles differ by less than 15%. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The apparatus of claim 4, wherein radii of the first and second circles differ by more than 10%. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein different sets of the paired in-phase and quadrature-phase coordinates correspond to corners of relatively rotated squares in the corresponding complex plane. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the relatively rotated squares have sides whose lengths differ by less than 15%. ### Claim 8 (depends on 6) The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the relatively rotated squares have sides whose lengths differ by more than 10%. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second circles are concentric. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the multidimensional constellation symbols belong to a constellation having twelve or more dimensions. ### Claim 11 An apparatus, comprising a coherent optical data receiver including: an optical hybrid configured to mix an optical data signal and an optical local-oscillator signal to generate a respective plurality of mixed optical signals for each of first and second mutually orthogonal polarizations of the optical data signal; a plurality of photodetectors connected to the optical hybrid to convert the mixed optical signals into separate streams of measurements of in-phase and quadrature components of each of said first and second mutually orthogonal polarizations; and a digital signal processor configured to process said separate streams to recover data modulated onto the optical data signal in which a multidimensional modulation symbol spans three or more consecutive modulation time slots, different ones of said consecutive modulation time slots having different parts of the multidimensional modulation symbol; wherein the digital signal processor is further configured to identify a multidimensional constellation symbol corresponding to the multidimensional modulation symbol by comparing the measurements in said consecutive modulation time slots and corresponding sets of values of a constellation; wherein paired in-phase and quadrature coordinates of each of first and second parts of each multidimensional constellation symbol of the constellation have values corresponding to first and second circles in a corresponding complex plane; and wherein at least some sets of the paired in-phase and quadrature coordinates determined based on the multidimensional modulation symbol in said consecutive modulation time slots are different. ### Claim 12 An apparatus, comprising an optical data transmitter including: a plurality of in-phase and quadrature-phase (IQ) optical modulators; and an electronic controller configured to operate the IQ optical modulators to optically output a sequence of multidimensional constellation symbols to an end of an optical fiber such that, near the end, each of the multidimensional constellation symbols has separate parts thereof primarily carried by different respective guided modes of the optical fiber, said separate parts forming two or more respective optical signal streams in the optical fiber; wherein the electronic controller is configured to cause the two or more optical signal streams to be different in at least some modulation time slots; and wherein each of the multidimensional constellation symbols spans three or more consecutive modulation time slots. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the electronic controller is configured to cause individual ones of the multidimensional constellation symbols to have separate portions thereof primarily carried, near the end of the optical fiber, in mutually orthogonal polarization components of the guided modes. ### Claim 14 (depends on 12) The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the electronic controller is configured to cause the separate parts of each of the multidimensional constellation symbols in different ones of the guided modes to be from corresponding different preselected patterns of values. ### Claim 15 (depends on 12) The apparatus of claim 12, wherein different ones of the multidimensional constellation symbols have about a same total optical power in each modulation time slot. ### Claim 16 (depends on 12) The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the multidimensional constellation symbols belong to a constellation having twelve or more dimensions. ### Claim 17 An apparatus, comprising a coherent optical data receiver including: an optical front-end configured to output a plurality of parallel sequences of measurements of different phase and polarization components of two or more optical signal streams each received primarily from a corresponding guided mode of an optical fiber end-coupled to the coherent optical data-receiver; and a digital signal processor configured to determine, from the measurements, a stream of multidimensional constellation symbols having separate parts thereof in the two or more of the optical signal streams; wherein each of the two or more of the optical signal streams corresponds to a different independent linear combination of the separate parts; and wherein each of the multidimensional constellation symbols spans three or more consecutive modulation time slots. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the multidimensional constellation symbols belong to a constellation having eight twelve or more dimensions.