# US 11,309,810 B2 · Producing electrical energy

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- Number: US 11,309,810 B2
- Document ID: US11309810B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 17/229,692
- Filed: 2021-04-13
- Published: 2021-09-30
- Granted: 2022-04-19
- Earliest claimed: 2019-08-20
- Assignees: Calagen, Inc.
- Applicants: Calagen, Inc.
- Inventors: David Reginald Carver; Sean William Reynolds; Sean Claudius Hall
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11309810B2

## CPC

- H02N 3/00: Generators in which thermal or kinetic energy is converted into electrical energy by ionisation of a fluid and removal of the charge therefrom (discharge tubes functioning as thermionic generators H01J45/00)
- H05B 1/0283: {For heating of fluids, e.g. water heaters}
- H02N 11/008: {Alleged electric or magnetic perpetua mobilia}
- H02N: ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B: ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL

## Abstract

A circuit for generating electrical energy is disclosed. The circuit uses a pulse generator in combination with a conductor. Waste heat can be converted to usable energy due to a cooling effect of the circuit on the conductor. A resultant energy applied to a load is larger than the energy supplied by the pulse generator due to the absorption of external energy by the conductor.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A circuit for generating electrical energy, comprising:
a pulse generator for generating a continuous stream of pulses in a form of a square wave to maximize a change of voltage with respect to time (dV/dT);
a conductor coupled to the pulse generator that is configured to cool in response to the continuous stream of pulses;
a heat source placed adjacent to the conductor; and
an output for receiving an electrical output emitted from the conductor.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The circuit of claim 1, wherein the conductor is a tube.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The circuit of claim 2, wherein the tube is filled with material having a predetermined permittivity or permeability larger than a vacuum.

### Claim 4 (depends on 2)

The circuit of claim 2, further including a pump for pumping fluid through the tube.

### Claim 5 (depends on 4)

The circuit of claim 4, wherein the fluid exchanges heat with the tube and the heat source supplies heat to the fluid.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The circuit of claim 1, wherein the conductor is a tube having a cavity therein with a semiconductor or metal at least partially filling the cavity.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The circuit of claim 1, wherein the heat source receives heat from a photovoltaic surface.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The circuit of claim 1, wherein the heat source receives heat from a nuclear reactor pile.

### Claim 9

A method for generating electrical energy, comprising:
generating a continuous input stream of pulses in a form of a square wave to maximize a change of voltage with respect to time (dV/dT);
applying the input stream of pulses to a conductor that receives heat from a heat source, wherein the input stream of pulses cools the conductor; and
outputting an electrical signal from the conductor.

### Claim 10 (depends on 9)

The method of claim 9, further including transmitting the continuous input stream of pulses through a negative resistance.

### Claim 11 (depends on 9)

The method of claim 9, wherein the conductor is a tube having a cavity therein.

### Claim 12 (depends on 9)

The method of claim 9, wherein the heat source is a photovoltaic surface.

### Claim 13 (depends on 9)

The method of claim 9, wherein the heat source is a nuclear reactor pile.

### Claim 14 (depends on 9)

The method of claim 9, wherein the continuous stream of pulses is at a first frequency and further including generating a signal at a second frequency greater than the first frequency using an oscillator circuit coupled to the conductor.

### Claim 15 (depends on 9)

The method of claim 9, wherein the conductor is a tube, which has fluid pumped therethrough and the fluid receives the heat from the heat source.

### Claim 16

An apparatus for generating electrical energy, comprising:
a pulse generator to generate a continuous stream of electrical pulses having a first power, wherein the continuous stream of electrical pulses are in a form of a square wave to maximize a change of voltage with respect to time (dV/dT); and
a conductor coupled to the pulse generator, the conductor for providing electrical energy to a load, wherein the conductor is configured to receive heat from a heat source, and wherein the conductor is configured to cool in response to the continuous stream of electrical pulses.

### Claim 17 (depends on 16)

The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the conductor is a tube is configured to receive the heat and convert the heat into electrical energy.

### Claim 18 (depends on 17)

The apparatus of claim 17, further including an oscillator coupled in series with the tube, wherein the electrical pulses are at a first frequency and the oscillator generates pulses at a second frequency, greater than the first frequency.

### Claim 19 (depends on 18)

The apparatus of claim 18, further including a thyristor coupled in series with the oscillator.

### Claim 20 (depends on 16)

The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the continuous stream of electrical pulses is at a first frequency and further including generating a signal at a second frequency greater than the first frequency using an oscillator circuit coupled to the conductor.