# US 11,309,708 B2 · Utility-scale renewable peaker plant, tightly coupled solar PV and energy storage > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 11,309,708 B2 - Document ID: US11309708B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 16/369,600 - Filed: 2019-03-29 - Published: 2019-10-03 - Granted: 2022-04-19 - Earliest claimed: 2018-03-30 - Assignees: Fluence Energy, LLC - Applicants: Fluence Energy, LLC - Inventors: Samuel Ley; Felipe Cantero - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US11309708B2 ## CPC - H02J 3/32: using batteries or super capacitors with converting means - H02J 1/12: Parallel operation of DC sources having power converters with further DC sources without power converters - H02J 3/02: using a single network for simultaneous distribution of AC power at different frequencies - H02J 3/381: {Dispersed generators} - H02J 3/388: Arrangements for the handling of islanding, e.g. for disconnection or for avoiding the disconnection of power - H02J 3/50: Controlling the sharing of reactive power - H02J 13/1323: {using optical fibres} - H02J 13/1337: {involving the use of Internet protocols} - H02J 2101/24: Photovoltaics - Y02E 10/56: Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers - Y02E 40/70: Smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the energy generation sector - Y02E 60/00: Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation - Y04S 10/123: the energy generation units being or involving renewable energy sources - Y04S 10/14: Energy storage units - Y04S 40/124: using wired telecommunication networks or data transmission busses - H02J: ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY - Y02E: REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION - Y04S: SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS ## Abstract An exemplary power system includes a DC power bus and a photovoltaic system connected to the DC power bus. An energy storage system is connected to the DC power bus and stores energy injected to the DC power bus by the photovoltaic system. A power inverter is connected to the DC power bus and converts power between the DC power bus and an AC connected load. The power system also includes a control system that receives power system data from one or more sub-systems and devices connected to the DC power bus, and controls, in real-time, one or more of the power inverter and the energy storage system to act as a load on the DC power bus based on the received power system data. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A power system, comprising: a DC power bus; a photovoltaic system connected to the DC power bus; an energy storage system connected to the DC power bus and configured to store energy injected to the DC power bus by the photovoltaic system; a power inverter connected to the DC power bus, the power inverter configured to convert a DC power from the DC power bus to an AC power for an AC connected load; and a control system configured to: receive power system data from one or more of the photovoltaic system, the energy storage system, or other device connected to the DC power bus; and control, in real-time, one or more of the power inverter and the energy storage system based on the received power system data, wherein the control system comprises: one or more processors; and one or more sensors connected to the DC power bus, wherein the one or more processors are configured to receive the power system data as an input signal including one or more of status data, condition data, current data, voltage data, dispatch data, power grid data, or weather data, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease real power injected to the AC connected load in response to a change in frequency on the AC connected load, and wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, restrict a rate of increase or decrease in power injected to the AC connected load to a specified percent per second (%/s). ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The system according to claim 1, comprising: a power converter configured to convert a power flowing between the photovoltaic system and the DC power bus. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The system according to claim 2, wherein the power converter is a bi-directional power inverter. ### Claim 4 (depends on 2) The system according to claim 2, wherein the power inverter comprises the power converter. ### Claim 5 (depends on 2) The system according to claim 2, wherein the photovoltaic system and the power converter are integral. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The system according to claim 1, comprising: a bi-directional power converter configured to convert power flowing between the energy storage system and the DC power bus. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The system according to claim 6, wherein the power inverter comprises the bi-directional power converter. ### Claim 8 (depends on 6) The system according to claim 6, wherein the energy storage system comprises the bi-directional power converter. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The system according to claim 1, wherein the other device connected to the DC power bus includes at least one of: one or more sensors connected to the DC power bus, one or more weather stations, or a server of a power provider. ### Claim 10 (depends on 9) The system according to claim 9, wherein an input signal received from the server of the power provider is a dispatch signal that includes dispatch data, and the control system controls the power inverter to act as a load on the DC power bus based on receipt of the dispatch signal from the server of the power provider. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The system according to claim 1, wherein the one or more processors is configured to generate command signals for controlling at least the power inverter and the energy storage system. ### Claim 12 (depends on 11) The system according to claim 11, wherein the power inverter is a bi-directional power inverter. ### Claim 13 (depends on 1) The system according to claim 1, wherein if the photovoltaic system places more current on the DC power bus than is needed on the AC connected load, the control system is configured to control, in real-time, the energy storage system to act as a load on the DC power bus for storing excess current. ### Claim 14 (depends on 11) The system according to claim 11, wherein, if a power dispatch signal is received from a server of a power provider, the control system controls the power inverter to act as a load on the DC power bus. ### Claim 15 (depends on 14) The system according to claim 14, wherein if data is received by the control system from the power inverter and/or the one or more sensors connected to DC power bus indicating that current injected on the DC power bus by the photovoltaic system exceeds an input setpoint of the power inverter, the control system controls, in real-time, both the power inverter and the energy storage system to act as loads on the DC power bus so that current is injected to the AC connected load and excess current is stored in the energy storage system. ### Claim 16 (depends on 12) The system according to claim 12, wherein, if current injected on the DC power bus by the photovoltaic system is less than the input setpoint of the AC connected load, the energy storage system discharges stored current onto the DC power bus to supplement the current injected on the DC power bus by the photovoltaic system and, and the power inverter is controlled, in real-time, to act as the load. ### Claim 17 (depends on 1) The system according to claim 1, wherein the energy storage system comprises a control circuit and a first bi-directional converter and the photovoltaic system comprises a control circuit and a second converter, and wherein the first bi-directional converter and the second converter have a common voltage for the DC power bus. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The system according to claim 17, comprising: one or more sensors connected to the DC power bus and the AC connected load, wherein the control circuits of the energy storage system and the photovoltaic system are configured to receive input signals from the one or sensors connected to the DC power bus and command signals from the control system, analyze the received input and/or command signals, and control an operating mode of the photovoltaic system and the energy storage system, respectively, based on the analysis. ### Claim 19 (depends on 18) The system according to claim 18, wherein the input signals include voltage data and current data, and the command signals include control data. ### Claim 20 (depends on 18) The system according to claim 18, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease real power injected to the AC connected load in response to a change in frequency on the AC connected load by controlling the power inverter to act as a load on the DC power bus based on a change in frequency measured from the AC connected load via the one or more sensors, wherein the control system is configured to analyze the frequency of the AC connected load relative to a setpoint and a dynamically generated response curve, and wherein the response curve is generated by comparing predefined values of system parameters to measured values of the system parameters or is received from the server of the power provider. ### Claim 21 (depends on 18) The system according to claim 18, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease reactive power injected to the AC connected load in response to a change in voltage on the AC connected load by controlling the power inverter to act as a load on the DC power bus, wherein the control system analyzes a measured voltage of the AC connected load relative to a setpoint and a dynamically generated response curve, and wherein the response curve is generated by comparing predefined values of system parameters to measured values of the system parameters or is received from the server of the power provider. ### Claim 22 (depends on 18) The system according to claim 18, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease real power injected to the AC connected load based on a state of the energy storage system by controlling current setpoints of the power inverter and energy storage system based on one or more of measured parameters of the energy storage system, wherein the measured parameters include state of charge, operation status, voltage, current, or temperature. ### Claim 23 (depends on 18) The system according to claim 18, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, restrict the rate of increase or decrease in power injected to the AC connected load to a specified percent per second (%/s) by controlling current setpoints of the power inverter and the energy storage system based on a value of a predefined current setpoint or a current setpoint value received from the server of the power provider. ### Claim 24 (depends on 18) The system according to claim 18, wherein the control system is configured to balance a state of charge of the energy storage system by controlling a current setpoint of the energy storage system based on the value of the power inverter current setpoint, measured parameters of the energy storage system including a state of charge, and an amount of current measured on the DC power bus, wherein the energy storage system includes one or more energy storage systems in an energy storage facility. ### Claim 25 (depends on 18) The system according to claim 18, wherein the control system is configured to control the power inverter to remain connected to the AC connected load during one or more fault events on the AC connected load by controlling an operation of the power inverter and the energy storage system to provide auxiliary power to one or more sub-systems or components during the one or more fault events, wherein the control system initiates normal system operation upon normal operating conditions being measured by the one or more sensors. ### Claim 26 (depends on 18) The system according to claim 18, wherein the control system is configured to control the power inverter to act as a load during an outage of the AC connected load, and inject voltage, current, and reactive power to the AC connected load during restart from the outage in response to a command signal, wherein the command signal is a manual or automatically generated signal and is encoded with data instructions for initiating operation without an external voltage reference until normal operation of the AC connected load has resumed. ### Claim 27 (depends on 1) The system according to claim 1, wherein the control system further comprises: a control circuit configured to receive the power system data and to control, in real-time, one of the power inverter and the energy storage system based on the received power system data, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease real power injected to the AC connected load in response to a change in frequency on the AC connected load, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease reactive power injected to the AC connected load in response to a change in voltage on the AC connected load, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease real power injected to the AC connected load based on a state of the energy storage system by controlling current setpoints of the power inverter and energy storage system, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, restrict a rate of increase or decrease in power injected to the AC connected load to a specified percent per second (%/s), wherein the control system is configured to balance a state of charge of one or more energy storage systems in an energy storage facility, and wherein the control system is configured to control the power inverter to remain connected to the AC connected load during one or more fault events on the AC connected load. ### Claim 28 (depends on 27) The system according to claim 27, comprising: one or more sensors configured to measure parameters of the one or more sub-systems and devices, parameters of the DC power bus, and parameters of the AC connected load. ### Claim 29 (depends on 27) The system according to claim 27, wherein the control circuit includes one or more of a first control circuit of the control circuit, a second control circuit of a renewable energy system, a third control circuit of the energy storage system, and a fourth control circuit of the power inverter. ### Claim 30 A power system, comprising: a DC power bus; a photovoltaic system connected to the DC power bus; an energy storage system connected to the DC power bus and configured to store energy injected to the DC power bus by the photovoltaic system; a power inverter connected to the DC power bus, the power inverter configured to convert a DC power from the DC power bus to an AC power for an AC connected load; a control system configured to: receive power system data from one or more of the photovoltaic system, the energy storage system, or other device connected to the DC power bus; and control, in real-time, one or more of the power inverter and the energy storage system based on the received power system data, wherein the energy storage system comprises a first control circuit and a first bi-directional converter and the photovoltaic system comprises a second control circuit and a second converter, and wherein the first bi-directional converter and the second converter have a common voltage for the DC power bus; and one or more sensors connected to the DC power bus and the AC connected load, wherein the control circuits of the energy storage system and the photovoltaic system are configured to receive input signals from the one or sensors connected to the DC power bus and command signals from the control system, analyze the received input and/or command signals, and control an operating mode of the photovoltaic system and the energy storage system, respectively, based on the analysis. ### Claim 31 (depends on 30) The system according to claim 30, comprising: a power converter configured to convert a power flowing between the photovoltaic system and the DC power bus. ### Claim 32 (depends on 30) The system according to claim 30, comprising: a bi-directional power converter configured to convert power flowing between the energy storage system and the DC power bus. ### Claim 33 (depends on 30) The system according to claim 30, wherein if the photovoltaic system places more current on the DC power bus than is needed on the AC connected load, the control system is configured to control, in real-time, the energy storage system to act as a load on the DC power bus for storing excess current. ### Claim 34 (depends on 30) The system according to claim 30, wherein the input signals include voltage data and current data, and the command signals include control data. ### Claim 35 (depends on 30) The system according to claim 30, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease real power injected to the AC connected load in response to a change in frequency on the AC connected load by controlling the power inverter to act as a load on the DC power bus based on a change in frequency measured from the AC connected load via the one or more sensors, wherein the control system is configured to analyze the frequency of the AC connected load relative to a setpoint and a dynamically generated response curve, and wherein the response curve is generated by comparing predefined values of system parameters to measured values of the system parameters or is received from the server of the power provider. ### Claim 36 (depends on 30) The system according to claim 30, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease reactive power injected to the AC connected load in response to a change in voltage on the AC connected load by controlling the power inverter to act as a load on the DC power bus, wherein the control system analyzes a measured voltage of the AC connected load relative to a setpoint and a dynamically generated response curve, and wherein the response curve is generated by comparing predefined values of system parameters to measured values of the system parameters or is received from the server of the power provider. ### Claim 37 (depends on 30) The system according to claim 30, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease real power injected to the AC connected load based on a state of the energy storage system by controlling current setpoints of the power inverter and energy storage system based on one or more of measured parameters of the energy storage system, wherein the measured parameters include state of charge, operation status, voltage, current, or temperature. ### Claim 38 (depends on 30) The system according to claim 30, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, restrict the rate of increase or decrease in power injected to the AC connected load to a specified percent per second (%/s) by controlling current setpoints of the power inverter and the energy storage system based on a value of a predefined current setpoint or a current setpoint value received from the server of the power provider. ### Claim 39 (depends on 30) The system according to claim 30, wherein the control system is configured to balance a state of charge of the energy storage system by controlling a current setpoint of the energy storage system based on the value of the power inverter current setpoint, measured parameters of the energy storage system including a state of charge, and an amount of current measured on the DC power bus, wherein the energy storage system includes one or more energy storage systems in an energy storage facility. ### Claim 40 (depends on 30) The system according to claim 30, wherein the control system is configured to control the power inverter to remain connected to the AC connected load during one or more fault events on the AC connected load by controlling an operation of the power inverter and the energy storage system to provide auxiliary power to one or more sub-systems or components during the one or more fault events, wherein the control system initiates normal system operation upon normal operating conditions being measured by the one or more sensors. ### Claim 41 (depends on 30) The system according to claim 30, wherein the control system is configured to control the power inverter to act as a load during an outage of the AC connected load, and inject voltage, current, and reactive power to the AC connected load during restart from the outage in response to a command signal, wherein the command signal is a manual or automatically generated signal and is encoded with data instructions for initiating operation without an external voltage reference until normal operation of the AC connected load has resumed. ### Claim 42 (depends on 30) The system according to claim 30, wherein the control system is configured to receive the power system data and to control, in real-time, one of the power inverter and the energy storage system based on the received power system data, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease real power injected to the AC connected load in response to a change in frequency on the AC connected load, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease reactive power injected to the AC connected load in response to a change in voltage on the AC connected load, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease real power injected to the AC connected load based on a state of the energy storage system by controlling current setpoints of the power inverter and energy storage system, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, restrict a rate of increase or decrease in power injected to the AC connected load to a specified percent per second (%/s), wherein the control system is configured to balance a state of charge of one or more energy storage systems in an energy storage facility, and wherein the control system is configured to control the power inverter to remain connected to the AC connected load during one or more fault events on the AC connected load. ### Claim 43 (depends on 42) The system according to claim 42, further comprising: one or more sensors configured to measure parameters of the one or more sub-systems and devices, parameters of the DC power bus, and parameters of the AC connected load. ### Claim 44 (depends on 30) The system according to claim 30, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease real power injected to the AC connected load in response to a change in frequency on the AC connected load, and wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, restrict a rate of increase or decrease in power injected to the AC connected load to a specified percent per second (%/s). ### Claim 45 A power system, comprising: a DC power bus; a photovoltaic system connected to the DC power bus; an energy storage system connected to the DC power bus and configured to store energy injected to the DC power bus by the photovoltaic system; a power inverter connected to the DC power bus, the power inverter configured to convert a DC power from the DC power bus to an AC power for an AC connected load; and a control system configured to: receive power system data from one or more of the photovoltaic system, the energy storage system, or other device connected to the DC power bus; and control, in real-time, one or more of the power inverter and the energy storage system based on the received power system data, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease real power injected to the AC connected load in response to a change in frequency on the AC connected load, and wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, restrict a rate of increase or decrease in power injected to the AC connected load to a specified percent per second (%/s). ### Claim 46 (depends on 45) The system according to claim 45, wherein the control system is configured to receive the power system data and to control, in real-time, one of the power inverter and the energy storage system based on the received power system data, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease reactive power injected to the AC connected load in response to a change in voltage on the AC connected load, wherein the control system is configured to, in real-time, increase or decrease real power injected to the AC connected load based on a state of the energy storage system by controlling current setpoints of the power inverter and energy storage system, wherein the control system is configured to balance a state of charge of one or more energy storage systems in an energy storage facility, and wherein the control system is configured to control the power inverter to remain connected to the AC connected load during one or more fault events on the AC connected load.